AI'l'ENDIX. 595 



portation from said points to the city of Spokane, "Wash. Held, therefore, that 

 defendants «ire justified, by reason of such dissimilarity in circumstances and 

 conditions, in maintaining higher rates on shipments of like property from said 

 points for the shorter distance to Spokane than for the longer distance to said 

 Pacific terminals. 



The competitive position and attitude of the Canadian Pacific Kaihvay, a 

 foreign carrier, considered in connection with existing water competition, "hut 

 the separate eftcct of competition by the Canadian route not found or 

 determined. 



681. Continuance of a system of unjust rates can not be re([uired or excused 

 on the ground that parties have made investments, and entered into the business 

 affected thereby on the faith of assurances from carriers of their maintenance, 

 although a change might work injury to the parties whom such rates had unduly 

 favored. 



682. An advantage resulting from just rates, coupled with the enterprise 

 and outlay necessary to utilize them, is legitimate, and carriers should not 

 undertake to deprive a shipper of this advantage by a change of such rates. 



688. In passing upon the reasonableness of rales, the question whether they 

 afford the carrier a proper return for the service rendered is to be considered 

 us well as the result of the business to the shipper or producer of the traffic. 



694. When great disparity exists between charges which are lower to 

 competitive than to intermediate points much less remote, the inference is 

 irresistible that the lower rate must be unremunerative upon any theory, or else 

 the larger rate gives unwarranted return for the service rendered. 



696. A town favorably situated with respect to one through route, but 

 competing in a common market with another town more favorably located on 

 another through route, should not have a reduction of the local rate over roads 

 connecting the two through routes for the purpose of overcoming the natural 

 advantage which the latter competing town enjoys. 



704. Manufacturing industries should not be depi'ived, through a carrier's 

 adjustment of relative rates, of advantages resulting from their favorable 

 location in respect of cost of raw material supplied from a common source, or 

 of distance to the common market for the finished product. 



709. Unreasonable or unjust classification of a commodity is not shown by 

 evidence of lower classification for articles widely dissimilar in the elements of 

 risk, weight, bulk, value, or general character. The proper method of com- 

 parison is the classification accorded b}^ the carriers to analogous articles. 



722. The facts that one city is much larger and has more important and 

 extensive business interests than another, and has been treated by the carriers 

 in making rates to surrounding points as a "trade center," is no justification 

 for a continuation of discriminatory rates in favor of such city. The object of 

 the act to regulate commerce was to eradicate the existing system of rebates and 

 unjust discriminations in favor of particular localities, special enterprises, and 

 favored individuals. 



732. When an article of traffic does not move on account of burdensome 

 rates and the carrier is hauling a considerable number of empty cars in the 

 direction such article would naturally move if accorded a lower rate, the carrier 

 may be justified in carrying at a rate sufficient to induce the movement of such 

 traffic, provided no extra or additional charge is in consequence put upon other 

 articles carried ; but the fact that freight will furnish return loads for empty 

 cars is not a reason for the reduction of rates on such freight when it does not 

 appear that the rates are unreasonable. 



741. While the circumstances and conditions in respect to the work done by 

 the carrier and the revenue earned are dissimilar in tlie transportation of freights 

 in car-loads and less than car-loads, and a lower rate on car-loads than onless 

 than car-loads is, therefore, not in contravention of the statute, yet the differ- 

 ence between the two rates must be reasonable. 



744. Rates maintained and which may be reasonable under the conditions 

 existing in one section or part of the country afford no safe criterion by which 



