6 JOHNE'S DISEASE 



was known as " Scheisser," a name which is probably 

 equivalent to the English term "scourer." 



Markus himself found the causal bacilli in cases of 

 Johne's disease, and introduced the intra vitam method 

 of diagnosis that consists in taking scrapings from the 

 rectal mucous membrane and staining films made from 

 the material with carbol-fuchsin. He stated that at the 

 abattoir in Amsterdam, van der Sluys had recognized 

 eleven cases in one year. Markus made numerous 

 cultural experiments which were entirely negative, 

 and he inoculated rabbits, guinea-pigs, goats, and hens, 

 with infective material without obtaining any positive 

 result. 



In 1905, Lienaux and van den Eeckhout, in the 

 *' Belgian Annals of Veterinary Medicine," gave an 

 account of a study of the disease occurring as an 

 enzootic in a herd of Jersey cattle, and also in native 

 breeds in which they had encountered cases. After 

 numerous experiments they concluded that they were 

 dealing with a form of tuberculosis, being misled, in 

 all probability, by the coexistence in some cases of 

 tuberculosis and Johne's disease in the same animal. 

 With experimental material from such animals tuber- 

 cular lesions were produced in other animals by inocu- 

 lation. 



In the same year Borgeaud of Lausanne reported 

 two cases — one in a five-year-old cow which was not 

 markedly emaciated, and another in an animal which 

 had suffered from periodic attacks of diarrhoea for 

 about six months. In the latter case there was also 

 tuberculosis of the bronchial glands and pleura. Inocu- 

 lation of guinea-pigs with material from the infected 

 gut produced abscesses in which there were acid-fast 

 bacilli. 

 In 1906, Matthis of Lyons published an account of 



