524 



ABDOMEN 



altogether absent, and the hepatic lobules rest directly upon 

 their walls. 



A section should now be made through the liver substance 

 and the cut surface examined. The portal veins can be readily 

 distinguished from the hepatic veins. The following are the 

 points of difference : 



PORTAL VEINS. 



1. Are always accompanied by a 



branch of the duct and a branch 

 of the hepatic artery. 



2. Mouths usually collapsed. 



3. Walls thicker. 



4. Walls separated from the liver 



substance by the fibrous cap- 

 sule. 



HEPATIC VEINS. 



1. Are solitary and not accom- 



panied by any other vessel. 



2. Mouths usually open and gaping. 



3. Walls exceedingly thin. 



4. Walls apparently in direct 



apposition with the liver 

 substance. 



Structure of the Liver. Very little of the structure of 

 the liver can be learned in the dissecting-room. It is com- 

 pletely enveloped by a fibrous capsule (Glisson's). This is thick 

 where the peritoneum is absent ; but very thin where that 

 membrane is spread over the gland. The liver substance pre- 

 sents a mottled appearance, and when torn or ruptured the 

 surface exhibits a granular aspect. The minute particles 

 which give rise to this appearance are the hepatic lobules. 

 In the human liver these are not completely separated from 

 each other. Each lobule may be regarded as a miniature 



liver; they are 



-Suprarenal vein all built Up of 



the same con- 

 stituents, but 

 these can only 

 be made out by 

 the aid of the 

 microscope. 



Glandulse 

 Suprarenales 

 (O.T. Supra- 

 renal Bodies or 

 Capsules). 

 The suprarenal 

 glands are two 

 small flattened 



bodies, each of which is placed upon the upper end of the 

 corresponding kidney. They surmount the kidney after 



Surface in con- 

 tact with liver 



Surface 

 covered by 

 inferior venj 

 cava 



Surface covered by 

 peritoneum 



FIG. 202. Anterior Surface of Right Suprarenal 

 Gland. 



