534 



ABDOMEN 



R.P 



papillary ducts which open on their surface. The cortical 

 substance constitutes the peripheral part of the gland, and also 

 sends prolongations inwards between the pyramids. These 

 are called the columnce, renales (columns of Bertiri). 



Ureter. This is the duct which carries the urine from 

 the kidney to the bladder. The relations of its expanded 

 upper end or pelvis at the hilus of the kidney have already 

 been noted. Leaving the gland, it turns downwards and 

 becomes contracted, so that when it reaches the level of the 

 lower end of the organ it has acquired the appearance of a 

 cylindrical tube. 



Each ureter extends downwards and 

 medially, on the anterior surface of the 

 psoas magnus muscle of the same side, 

 to the lower end of the common iliac 

 artery, or the upper end of the external 

 iliac artery ; there it leaves the abdomen 

 proper and enters the pelvis, where its 

 relations will be studied at a later period. 

 As it dips into the pelvis the right 

 ureter passes behind the termination of 

 the ileum, and the left behind the pelvic 

 colon ; and as it lies on the front of the 

 psoas magnus muscle each ureter crosses 

 obliquely in front of the genito-femoral 

 nerve of the same side. The anterior 

 relations of the abdominal parts of the 

 c. Cut edge of a calyx of two ureters differ slightly from each 

 [heu^er. P rtionof other. The right ureter commences 

 behind the second part of the duodenum, 



and crosses behind the commencement of the third part ; 

 both parts, therefore, separate it from the peritoneum. 

 Below the duodenum it descends behind the peritoneum, 

 from which it is partially separated by the right internal 

 spermatic or ovarian vessels, the ileo-colic vessels, and the 

 terminal parts of the superior mesenteric artery and vein. 

 The whole of the abdominal portion of the left ureter is 

 in relation in front with the peritoneum, except that it is 

 crossed anteriorly, behind the peritoneum, by the left internal 

 spermatic or ovarian vessels, the left colic vessels, and the 

 left sigmoid vessels. 



Dissection. Having now disposed of all the viscera within the cavity 



FlG. 210. Diagram of 

 two Renal Papillae. 



R. P. Renal papilla. 



