496 A MANUAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 



(3) Neisser and Castellani have shown that monkeys 

 inoculated with syphilis are not immune to yaws, and vice 

 versa ; and (4) Castellani 1 has shown that the yaws antigen 

 and anti-bodies are distinct from the syphilis antigen and 

 anti-bodies, though the ordinary Wassermann test may 

 react with yaws. 



Spirochaetes are also present in the ulcerating granuloma 

 of the pudenda of Guiana (Wise) and Australia, in malig- 

 nant growths, in ulcers, in the mouth (p. 570), and in 

 Vincent's angina (p. 296). 



Staining methods. Blood-smears may be stained with 

 the Leishman or Giemsa stain (p. 102). 



Trichomonas vaginalis. This parasite is found in the acid vaginal 

 mucus in 50 per cent, of those examined. It must not be mistaken 

 for a spermatozoon. It is a pear-shaped body, measuring 12 to 

 30 p. in length, and from the blunt end three flagella are given off. 



A much smaller species, T. intestinalis, measuring 4 to 15 p., has 

 been met with in the intestinal canal of man in conditions associated 

 with diarrhoea. 



Syphilis 



Various bacterial organisms have been described in 

 this disease, e.g. by Lustgarten, Eve and Lingard, Van 

 Niessen, de Lisle and Jullien, etc., and bodies regarded 

 as protozoa by Siegel, de Korte, and others. In March 

 1905, Schaudinn 2 noted the constant presence of a spiriform 

 organism or spirochaeta (S. pallida, or Treponema or 

 Spironema pallidum) in various lesions in acquired and 

 congenital syphilis. The T. pallidum varies from 6 to 15 /m 

 in length, averaging 8-9 /UL (Plate XXII. a and 6). It is 

 much more attenuated than the majority of spirochaetes, 

 having a maximum thickness of 0'3 yu, has from three to 

 twelve, usually from six to eight, twists, forming a close, 



1 Journ. of Hygiene, vol. vii, 1907, p. 558. 



2 Arbeit, a. d. Kaiser. Gesurtdheitsamte, xx. 1905. 



