I M MUNIS A TION A GA INS T ANTHRA X. 313 



be recognised as such should be burned along with the straw in which 

 the animals have lain. The stalls or buildings in which the anthrax 

 cases have been must be limewashed. Needless to say, the greatest 

 care must be taken in the case of men who handle the animal or its 

 carcase that they have no wounds on their persons, and that they 

 thoroughly disinfect themselves by washing the hands, etc., in I to 

 1000 solution of corrosive sublimate, and that all clothes soiled with 

 blood, etc., from anthrax animals be thoroughly boiled or steamed 

 for half an hour before being washed. 



The Immunising of Animals against Anthrax. Having 

 ascertained that there was ground for believing that in cattle 

 one attack of anthrax protected against a second, Pasteur 

 (in the years 1880-82) elaborated a method by which a 

 mild form of the disease could be given to animals, which 

 rendered harmless a subsequent inoculation with virulent 

 bacilli. He found that the continued growth of anthrax 

 bacilli at 42 to 43 C. caused them to lose their capacity 

 of producing spores, and also gradually to lose their virul- 

 ence, so that after twenty-four days they could no longer 

 kill either guinea-pigs, rabbits, or sheep. Such cultures 

 constituted his premier vacrin, and protected against the 

 subsequent inoculation with bacilli which had been grown 

 for twelve days at the same temperature, and the attenua- 

 tion of which had therefore not been carried so far. The 

 latter constituted the deuxieme vaccin. It was further 

 found that sheep thus twice vaccinated now resisted inocu- 

 lation with a culture which usually would be fatal. The 

 method was to inoculate a sheep -on the inner side of the 

 thigh by the subcutaneous injection, from a hypodermic 

 syringe, of about five drops of the premier vaccin ; twelve 

 days later to again inoculate with the deuxieme vaccin; 

 fourteen days later an ordinary virulent culture was injected 

 without any ill result. This method was applicable also to 

 cattle and horses, about double the dose of each vaccine 

 being here necessary. Extended experiments in France 

 generally confirmed earlier results, and the method was, 

 before long, used to mitigate the disease, which in many 

 departments was endemic and a very great scourge. Since 

 that time the method has been regularly in use. It is 



