SYPHILIS 231 



Giemsa stain is coloured somewhat faintly, and of reddish tint, 

 whilst the regular spiral twistings are preserved ; the spirochsete 

 refringens shows flatter, wave-like bends, and, like other organ- 

 "isms, is stained of a bluish tint. 

 By using Loffler's stain for the 

 flagella of bacteria, Schaudinn was 

 able to demonstrate a single deli- 

 cate flagellum at each pole of the 

 spirochsete pallida, while no undu- ^p* 



lating membrane could be detected ; 

 on the other hand, several other 

 species, including the spirochsete 

 refringens, showed a distinct un- 

 dulating membrane. Two flagella 

 at one pole of the spirochsete 

 pallida were also seen, an appear- FIG. 80. Section of spleen from 

 ance which Schaudinn thought a case of congenital syphilis, 



might represent the commencement showin S , seve ^ exam P le f f 

 ,. V ., r ,. , n . spirochsete pallida; Levaditi s 



of longitudinal fission. &aA. x 1000. 



The number of publications with 



regard to the distribution of the spirochsete pallida is already 

 very large, and a summary of the results may be given. In the 

 primary sore and in the related lymphatic glands, the juice of 

 which can be conveniently obtained by means of a hypodermic 



syringe, the organism has been 

 found in a very large majority of 

 cases. It has been also obtained 

 in the papular and roseolar erup- 

 tions, in condylomata and mucous 

 patches in fact, one may say 

 generally, in all the primary and 

 secondary lesions. It has been ob- 

 tained from the spleen during life, 

 and on a few occasions, e.g. by 

 Schaudinn, also from the blood 

 during life in secondary syphilis. 



In the congenital form of the disease 



FIG. 81. Spirochaete refringens ,, . , . . 



in film preparation from a case the organism may be present in 

 of balanitis. x 1000. . large numbers, as was first shown 

 by Buschke and Fischer, and by 



Levaditi. In the pemphigoid bullse, in the blood, in the in- 

 ternal organs, the liver, lungs, spleen, supra-renals, and even in 

 the heart its detection may be comparatively easy, owing to the 

 large numbers present (Fig. 80). It can readily be demonstrated 



