ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL VIEW OF NATURE. 261 



and for different purposes. The fact that the organisa- 

 tion of the higher animals, which, for medical reasons, is 

 more interesting, can be roughly divided into a variety 

 of separate organs or systems of organs, each of which 

 can be, to some extent, studied by itself as we study 

 the parts and workings of a machine, and that for the 

 physician greater interest attaches to the functions of 

 these organs, placed anatomy for a long time under the 

 influence of physiology, which is the science of the per- 

 formance, not of the structure, of the parts of living crea- 

 tures. Phytotomy, on the other side, was for a long time 

 neglected, awaiting the greater perfection of the micro- 

 scope. Thus it came about that down to nearly the 

 middle of the century the morphological study of animals 

 and that of plants were pursued without much mutual 

 benefit or regard. The phytotomists of the seventeenth 

 century had established the fact that plants are built up 

 of minute parts called variously utricles, bladders, vesicles, 

 but mostly cells, and which were compared with the 

 structure of the foam of beer or the cells of a honey- 

 comb. 1 Different forms were assigned to these cavities, 



1 Aug. Pyr. de Candolle begins ' isation des Plantes ' (Harlem, 1812) 



his ' Organographie ' (1827) with as the only French book which con - 



the words : " La nature intime des tains an account of the phytotomic 



vegetaux, vue aux plus forts micro- , researches carried on by the Ger- 



scopes, offre peu de diversite"s. Les i mans, who, after the lapse of a cen- 



plantes les plus disparates par leurs | tury, were the first to take up 



formes ext^rieures, se ressernblent j these studies again. In the second 



a 1'interieur 11 un degre vraiment | chapter De Candolle says : " Le 



extraordinaire," &c. ; and after | tissu cellulaire, considere en masse, 



going back to the observations of i est un tissu membraneux forme par 



Malpighi and Grew, and referring i un grand nombre de cellules ou de 



to the recent ones of Mirbel, Link, i cavites closes de toutes parts ; 



Treviranus, Sprengel, Rudolphi | \'6cume de la biere ou un rayon 



Kieser, Dutrochet, and Amici, men- j de miel en donnent une ide"e gross- 



tions Kieser's ' Memoire sur 1'Organ- j iere mais assez exacte " (p. 11). 



