500 SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT. 



which an exact or scientific treatment of mental phe- 

 nomena could meet with any success at all. It was in 

 the schools of physiology, in those of Johannes Miiller 

 and of Weber, that philosophers had to learn how to 

 attack the borderland of bodily and mental phenomena. 

 24. The first who approached the subject from this point 



Physiology O f view was Hermann Lotze. He was a disciple of 



of the soul. 



E. H. Weber, and had been led to psychological re- 

 searches from two independent starting-points : first from 

 the study of the medical sciences which, under the hands 

 of his great master, had largely benefited by the ap- 

 plication of the exact methods of the physical, the 

 measuring, and calculating sciences, but also from an 

 entirely opposite quarter. 1 " A lively interest in poetry 

 and art had led him to philosophy." He was attracted 

 by that great body of ideas which, through the systems 

 of Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel, had become permanently 

 domiciled in German culture. In this great realm he 

 could move " with some freedom," for it had not be- 

 come crystallised into a definite system of doctrine ; 

 exact studies had, moreover, easily convinced him " how 

 absolutely untenable was the form into which Hegel had 

 cast that valuable possession." 



1 The quotations in the text are He acknowledges two great personal 

 taken from Lotze's polemical pam- influences, that of C. H. Weisse, 

 phlet, ' Streitschriften ' (Leipzig, which, as it were, touches the 

 1857), pp. 6, 7. As already men- i kernel of his convictions, and that 

 tioned (supra, p. 407 note), Lotze had ! of the study of medicine, which, 

 been misunderstood by his critics, in his case, was intimately cou- 

 of whom some represented him as nected with that of the physical 

 a materialist, others as a follower of sciences. He admits, as did Her- 

 Herbart. In refuting the latter bart, having passed through the 

 charge he explains his position to- ' magnificent portal of Leibniz's 

 wards the idealistic systems of the Monadology to a general arrange- 

 first half of the nineteenth century. ment of his philosophical opinions. 



