INTRODUCTORY XV 



the pure mucous, also contains a united gland of serous and mucous secretion. 

 The venom-glands of the serpents belong to the mixed structure. This 

 relation gradually passes to the opposite direction and finally all find in the 

 parotid of the mammalia a pure serous gland. 



The proportion of the mucous and serous parts of the venom-glands is 

 quite variable, according to the kind of snake, but the serous portion, which 

 occupies the rear of the gland, is much larger than the mucous-secreting 

 front portion. The only secretory duct is provided for the serous or venom- 

 secreting portion, while the front portion has several smaller ducts. 



That the venomous serpents differ from the non-venomous kinds only by 

 the presence of a specific poison-conducting fang in the upper jaw, but not 

 by the presence or absence of the venom-gland, has been shown by Leydig. 

 Duvernoy, Stannius, and others. 



Phisalix, Bertrand, Jourdain, Alcock, Rogers, and others found that the 

 innocuous serpents possess venom-glands of a primitive stage of evolution. 



Having briefly defined the position among the physiological secretions, its 

 polytropism, its biological place in zoological sense, its probable chemical 

 composition, and the phylogenic views and facts on the venomous snakes in 

 the system of nature, I propose to define snake venom in relation to immunity. 



Since the monumental discovery of diphtheria antitoxin by Behring and 

 Kitasato and of tetanus antitoxin by Kitasato in 1890, the solution of the 

 problems of immunity has been laid open to experimental investigations. 

 With fluctuating success and failure, pharmacologically active and inactive 

 biological products of almost every kind have been tried for the possible 

 production of specific antibody. There have resulted Pfeiffer's bacterio- 

 lysin, Carbone-Belfanti's haemolytic serum, Ehrlich's antiricin and antiabrin 

 serums, and many other preparations of specific nature. Numerous attempts, 

 some futile and some successful, have led to the conclusion that all alkaloids 

 and similar simple substances of definite chemical constitution are not capable 

 of producing their antibodies when injected into the animal bodies. Agglu- 

 tinins, precipitins, and various antiferments have also been produced by 

 means of injecting cells, proteins, or ferments, each highly specific to the 

 antigen concerned. 



It was found that bacterial toxins, various somatic cells and their constitu- 

 ents, phytotoxins, blood cells and ferments are responded to by the forma- 

 tion of their corresponding antisubstances, and that in each instance the 

 interaction is specific. 



Calmette, Phisalix and Bertrand, and somewhat later Fraser, have shown 

 that the blood serum of the animal repeatedly inoculated with snake venom 

 counteracts the action of the venom very effectively. This was done in 

 1894, and extended by various investigators. Sewall was, however, the first 

 (in 1887) to show that the repeated inoculations of a snake venom into sus- 

 ceptible animals render the latter more resistant to the action of the same 

 poison. 



