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account by the crops. Excessive quantities of manure do not 

 necessarily mean large applications, though this is the most 

 common cause of excess. Any application of manure to land 

 that does not need it is excessive ; the richness of a soil may 

 thus determine the uselessness of the manure. On farms 

 where large quantities of manures and cake have been habitu- 

 ally employed, a heavy claim for compensation is to be 

 expected from the outgoing tenant ; such a claim should 

 receive a strict scrutiny, and payment should only be awarded 

 for such residues as will certainly benefit his successor. 

 Applications of phosphates and potash salts to soils already 

 well provided with these substances, will be so slow in 

 rendering a profitable return that no notice can be taken 

 of them in a valuation. The application of rich cake-fed 

 manures to arable land, already very fertile, will, as we 

 have already seen, yield no better result to the succeeding 

 tenant than if ordinary farmyard manure had been employed. 

 On pasture the cake manure would, however, probably have 

 a more permanent effect. One who farms highly may indeed 

 truly claim that he has more than fully maintained the fertility 

 of his land ; but he has done this at a wasteful cost, and he 

 must not expect to be repaid for his extravagant use of 

 manures at the expense of the next tenant. 



VALUATION OF OIL-CAKE. 



Before closing this lecture, I have a few words to say as 

 to the effect of various modes of employing oil-cake upon 

 its value as a manure. Cake may be used directly as a 

 manure for crops ; or it may be eaten by sheep on the land ; or 

 it may be consumed by stock at the farm buildings, and the 

 manure afterwards brought on to the land. This farmyard 

 manure may also be prepared in several ways, in which more 

 or less loss of its valuable constituents may occur. The 

 practical value of the cake as a manure is very different under 

 these varying conditions of use. 



At Kothamsted, rape-cake in powder has been used as a 

 manure in many of the field experiments. In the barley field 

 it has been used continuously for forty-five years. We take 

 as our illustration the average produce of the second twenty 

 years, as by so doing we include the whole effect of the 



