OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 239 



Linne's action previous to 1758, it is interesting to discover that, in the 

 first mention of species under Papilio, Antiopa is introduced, and Machaon 

 (or any other swallow-tail) is not; further, that Antiopa is mentioned in 

 every subsequent use of the generic name by Linnc', and that, in every 

 instance, excepting in 1736, when species are first referred to, the group to 

 which Antiopa belongs, or, if species are directly mentioned, this species 

 itself, stands first upon the list, as if that insect, at least, were always in 

 his thought when Papilio was recorded. I repeat, however, that this 

 consideration has no binding force whatsoever.] 



1758. Ib., Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. 458 : employs it for all butterflies then 

 known, which are now described in full, and supplied 

 with binomial nomenclature for the first time. They are 

 divided as follows : Equites (Trojani, Achivi), Heliconii, 

 Danai candidi, Danai festivi, Nymphales (gemmati, 

 phalerati), Plebeii (rurales, urbicoke), Barbari. Among 

 the butterflies occur Antiopa, Machaon, Podalirius, and 

 Memnon.* 



1793. Fabr., Ent. Syst. iii. i. 1, 258: removes from this great group 

 all the Rurales and UrbicolaB, under the name of Hes- 

 peria, thus confining Papilio to the Nymphales and 

 Papilionides. 



1801. Schrank, Faun. Boica, ii. i. 152, 188 : restricts the name still 

 further to the Nymphales, and divides the group, thus 

 limited, into sections, as follows : f I. populi (Semiramis, 

 populi), Sibylla (Sibilla), Camilla, aceris (Lucilla) ; II. 

 Atalanta, cardui, lo (Jo), Antiopa, Polychloros, urticoe, 

 c. album, Levana (Prorsa, Levana) ; III. Paphia, Adippe 

 (Syrinx, Adippe), Niobe, Aglaia (Agluja), Lathonia, Dia, 

 Selene (Thalia) ; IV. Athalia (Phoebe), Maturna, Cyn- 

 thia (Cinthia), Hecate, Ino (Dictynna), Aurinia (Arte- 

 mis), Didyma (Cinxia), Cinxia (Trivia), Lucina. 

 1805. Latr., Sonn. Buff. xiv. 108: first restricts the name to the 

 "swallow-tails," but erroneously, as these had already 

 been excluded by Schrank's limitation. 



In this action he has been followed by all authors for nearly seventy 

 years, until now it has become the all but universal custom to apply it 

 to an immense group of over three hundred species, really composed 

 of a vast number of genera 5 , as any one may judge by a comparison of 

 their earlier stages, which show greater differences than can be found 

 in any other generally accepted genus of butterflies. Compare also 

 Felder's study of this great group. 



* I specify these, on account of what follows, 

 't All the names are used by Linne.* 



