MAN. 27 



mal is supplied with just the bodily machinery that its 

 wants and capabilities require. 



36. It is because the mind of man is not only superior 

 to that of other animals, but is different in kind in some 

 respects, that man has made and is continually making 

 language. This no other animal has ever done. The in- 

 ferior animals may have natural cries and signs, but they 

 never agree to use artificial ones, and language is naught 

 but a set of artificial signs. Some animals imitate spoken 

 language, but they never make it. 



37. For the same reason man is the only animal that 

 makes tools, and some one proposed to designate man as 

 a tool-making animal. I think that we may go so far as 

 to say that other animals never use tools placed in their 

 way except from imitation of man. And even the most 

 knowing and imitative do but little at this. " An ape," 

 says Wood, " will sit delighted by a flame which a chance 

 traveler has left, and spread its hands over the genial 

 blaze ; but when the glowing ashes fade, it has not suffi- 

 cient understanding to supply fresh fuel, but sits and 

 moans over the expiring embers." 



38. If we look at the mind of man alone we do not 

 think of him as an animal. We think of him in this light 

 only when we observe his bodily organization, and see 

 its resemblance to that of the higher orders of animals, 

 and even in some respects to that of the lower also. 

 These two views of man are seen in the common expres- 

 sions which are used. When we use such expressions as 

 man and other animals, or man and the inferior animals, 

 we have in view bodily organization. When, on the oth- 

 er hand, we use the expression man and animals, we have 

 regard to those mental endowments which separate man 

 entirely from animals. It is not in this view, but in the 

 former, that the zoologist regards man in his classification. 



39. Mankind are one species, as already stated in 20. 

 But there are certain varieties or races of men quite dis- 

 tinct from each other. The Caucasian race inhabits, for 



