ORANGES AND LEMONS IN AFRICA MOROCCO. 403 



confectionery, marmalades, etc. The sour or bitter orange tree is still 

 more rustic and hardier than the sweet orange from seeds, and its growth 

 is more rapid. There is of this tribe the China sour-orange tree, which 

 is dwarf, only growing to about 4 or 5 feet in height the most. 



(3) Mandarin. The Mandarin orange, originally from China, propa- 

 gated also from seed, was introduced in Europe about the middle of the 

 present century ; only grow from seed to a height of 12 feet, and to about 

 6 feet when propagated by grafting or budding. The pulp of the Man- 

 darin orange is almost free from the rind ; the latter is very aromatic. 

 The Tangerine orange, recently introduced in Europe, is a variety of 

 the Mandarin; its fruit is less than half the size of the Mandarin, in 

 fact often no larger than a walnut, but exceedingly sweet and perfumed. 

 The Japanese orange is a shrub which the Chinese cultivate on a large 

 scale, and known by the name a Kumkoat; " is almost unknown in Eu- 

 rope; it attains a height of 4 feet, and by pruning it is grown in pots, 

 where it only grows to about 20 inches, covering itself with a fruit no 

 larger than a good-sized cherry. The rind is so thin and smooth that it 

 is eatable. They are preserved whole in sugar. I have four in pots from 

 15 to 18 inches in height with ripe fruit ; they have ripe fruit from De- 

 cember to April; they resist the cold weather better than the hardiest 

 of the orange tribe, but in summer they require hot weather to bring 

 their fruit to maturity. I strongly recommend this interesting and 

 profitable shrub to our California orange-growers. One acre of land 

 will accommodate 500; manure annually, and if possible in summer. 

 An irrigation or two of manure water will bring the fruit to perfection. 



(4) Sweet limes (Citrus limeta). The sweet-lime tree has the bearing 

 and foliage of the lemon tree ; small white flowers ; the fruit more or 

 less large or small, according to the varieties ; its color is of a pale yel- 

 low ; the pulp is an insipid sweet, slightly bitter. The varieties known 

 in the south of Spain and in Morocco, where they abound, are the 

 u Roman," the " Melaroce," and " St. Jerome." 



(5) Bergamot orange (Citrus bergamia). Tall tree; oblong leaves of 

 medium size, of a lively green on the upper surface and paler on the 

 under part than the other varieties of orange; very small flowers 

 and of a particularly mild aroma. The fruit is depressed in shape, 

 smooth, and of a lemon-yellow color ; the pulp is slightly sour and of a 

 pronounced aromatic flavor. The chief varieties are the common Ber- 

 gamot, the orange Bergamot, the sweet lemon Bergamot, and the Adam 

 apple Bergamot, and some others which probably are only monstrosi- 

 ties propagated by grafting. The cultivation of the ordinary Berga- 

 mot is very lucrative by the great quantity of volatile oil extracted 

 from the rind of its fruits. 



(6) Pampelmuse. Pampelmuse ( Citrus decumana) probably is a species 

 entirely distinct from the preceding, nevertheless it has certain similari- 

 ties to the natural ordinary sweet orange from seed ; it grows the same 

 height ; very few thorus. It differs in foliage broad leaves and large 



