CHANGES AND LEMONS IN TURKEY. 583 



or immediately after rain; let them be perfectly dry. They are both 

 hard and green when picked for exportation and taken to the place of 

 packing, and there assorted as to sizes. The United States prefer the 

 small, England and France the large, and North of Europe the medium 

 sizes. They are then wrapped in fine tissue-paper of different colors and 

 placed in rows in the case or box by women and girls, who are remark- 

 ably adept at the work. The package is then taken by men, the lids 

 nailed on and strapped with the ordinary wooden hoop-pole split in two 

 pieces, branded, and then they are ready for shipment. The season for 

 picking lemons is September and October, and for oranges November 

 and December each year. 



H. C. MARSTON, 



Consul. 

 UNITED STATES CONSULATE, 



Malaga, December 6, 1889. 



TURKEY. 



REPORT BY CONSUL-GENERAL HEAP, OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 

 (Republished from Consular Reports No. 41.) 



Varieties. Although there are other kinds in the Levant, only three 

 varieties of oranges and four of lemons are commonly grown, of which 

 the oranges known as " Candiaii," " Syrian," and " Mandariuian," and 

 the lemons as " Caudian," " Ohio," " Paros," and " Messina," are con- 

 sidered the best. There is, however, a variety of lemon (the Citrus 

 lumia) called the "sweet lemon," of which the juice is sweet. This is 

 much used by calico printers in patterns with dyes containing iron, to 

 prod ace greater clearness in the white parts. 



Propagating. The trees are grown both from seedlings and from 

 grafts. Lemons are generally propagated first from the seeds of the 

 wild orange, as it has been found that the wild fruit tree bears the cold 

 belt* T. When three years old the plants from these seeds are taken 

 up and replanted in other places, and the year following the lemon 

 plants proper are grafted upon them. Five years afterwards they 

 begin to bear fruit, and at fifteen years they reach maturity. When 

 great care is bestowed, inarching is practiced, but growers generally 

 prefer to propagate by grafting, while always rearing a portion of the 

 trees from seedlings and from cuttings, especially the latter. 



Insect pests. Unless carefully tended, both orange and lemon trees 

 are frequently injured by small canker-worms and moths, which eat the 

 leaves, etc. Powdered charcoal ash is placed on and around the trees, 

 which destroys the eggs of the worms, etc. Sometimes a mixture of 

 charcoal, soot, and strong vinegar is sprinkled on the treeouce or twice, 

 as may be deemed necessary. 

 15GA 13 



