830 FRUIT CULTURE IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 



(2) Planting by staving and with a stake or bar. Another mode gener- 

 ally used when the subsoil approaches the surface of the ground and 

 when its nature renders it accessible to dampness, were it not broken 

 up, consists in turning up with picks the subsoil of alios or clay to a 

 depth of about 2 feet and mixing it with good earth or manure 

 brought for that purpose. These operations being over, a crowbar is 

 driven into the ground to make a hole, into which the scion is placed, 

 and which is carefully filled up with earth all around the scion. Some- 

 times, in order to increase the adherence of the plant to the ground, it 

 is watered with a kind of liquid mud or manure. 



(3) Planting with the stake or bar. This mode is certainly the simplest 

 and most economical, but can be employed only in loose earth easily 

 perforated and comparatively fertile. Pulverized and liquid manure is 

 generally employed in this mode of planting. It consists in thoroughly 

 plowing and harrowing the earth, after which a hole is made with an 

 iron bar. This hole is sometimes enlarged by means of a wooden cone 

 armed with an iron point in order to increase the quantity of manure 

 given to the plant. 



(4) Planting with "araire" or plow. This mode, which is one of the 

 less expensive, can only be used in deep soil. It is little employed. It 

 consists in making a deep furrow by means of the plow and filling in 

 with manure, placing the plants therein and covering the furrow. 



(5) Planting in the little trench. This mode has been for along time 

 almost entirely given up. It differed slightly with the preceding 

 method inasmuch as a little trench one foot wide and one and one-half 

 deep was dug instead of a furrow. All of these plantings are gener- 

 ally made in the months of February, March, and April, even before, 

 weather permitting, and can be continued up to the middle of June, on 

 condition that the plants be kept under ground in a northern direction, 

 in order to prevent them from growing. Finally the plant is set up- 

 right, earthed up, cut at the third knot above ground, and fastened to 

 a little stake. 



During the first two or three years after planting, certain vineyards 

 of Me"doc are tilled six times yearly, but for the greatest part tillage 

 takes place but four times during the year. The young vines at this 

 period require particular attention ; they must be freed from snkils as 

 much as possible, and each year the plants which have not thrived must 

 be replaced by layers. If among the plants that have succeeded there 

 should be one or more of any kind not wanted, these must be grafted. 

 Grafting, which was formerly occasionally employed by the vine-growers, 

 is every day becoming more universal ; since the invasion of the phyl- 

 loxera many fine plants have been ingrafted on American plants, which 

 resist phylloxera. 



Situation and care. For the ridges there are no fixed directions ; the 

 slope of the ground is previously consulted, in order to facilitate drain- 

 age without risk of the subsoil being carried away. Some vine-growers 



