GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 



of an upright and compact form. Curved erect Iranclies 

 (fig. 4), proceeding almost horizontally from the stem for 

 . short distance, and then becoming erect ; these, also, 



Figi. 3, 4, 5, different habits of growth of trees. 3, erect; 4, curved erect; 5, 

 spreading or horizontal. 



form upright symmetrical heads, but much more open than 

 the preceding. Also, horizontal or spreading branches 

 (fig. 5), that form wide-spreading heads with irregular 

 outline. And, lastly, drooping branches, when they fall 

 below the horizontal line. The branches of most varie- 

 ties of apples and pears become pendulous when they 

 have borne some time ; and even in young trees of par- 

 ticular varieties, some of the branches assume a drooping 

 and irregular habit. 



2d. /Secondary Branches (Q, fig. 1), are the divisions 

 of the main branches : occasionally those near the stem 

 take such a prominent part in forming the outline of the 

 tree, as to assume all the character of main branches, ex 

 cepting in position. 



3d. Shoots (//, fig. 1). This is the name by 



