170 FEBMANENT PLANTATION. 



can be done, it is as much as can be expected in the 

 usual practice of cultivating root crops. The most pro- 

 fitable manner of turning to account the spaces between 

 the standard trees for the first ten or twelve years at 

 least, is to plant them with dwarf and pyramidal trees, or 

 dwarf standards, that will commence bearing the third or 

 fourth year after planting. This is the course pursued by 

 the orchardists of France and Belgium, where land is 

 valuable, and the cultivators are compelled to turn every 

 inch of it to the best account. Attention has been 

 slightly called to this mode of management in this 

 country, and a few persons have already carried it into 

 practice. As soon as it comes to be considered, it cannot 

 fail to recommend itself to those who are embarking 

 extensively in the orchard culture of fruits for the 

 market, on high-priced lands. It is 'only surprising that 

 it should have been so long overlooked by shrewd and 

 enterprising orchardists. An acre of land, for example, 

 planted with standard apple trees, at thirty feet apart, 

 contains forty-five to fifty ; and if we fill up the spaces 

 with dwarfs on paradise, at six feet apart, leaving ten 

 feet clear around each standard, we get in about five 

 hundred dwarf trees. These will bear the third year, 

 and during the next five years the average value of their 

 products will be at least twenty to fifty cents each. We 

 would plant them in such a way that the plough and 

 cultivator could be used among them, two dwarfs be- 

 tween each standard, and two full rows between each 

 row of standards, as in fig. 95. 



In very rich and deep soil, when it may be necessary 

 to give the standards thirty-five or forty feet, there may 

 be two pyramidal, or low standards, on the Doucain 

 stock between two standards, and one row of pyramids 

 and two rows of dwarfs between two rows of standards 



