placed, and highest in the middle of the hole to bring the level 

 about right for the roots to be spread out by the planter. Three 

 men will be found the best number to plant : two shovellers and a 

 planter. 



Should manure be applied at planting, it should either be put 

 deep down below the roots and well incorporated with the soil, or 

 it should be afterwards spread on the surface of the soil around 

 the tree. After planting decidudus trees of every variety, ex- 

 cepting walnuts, they should be cut down 15 to 18 inches from the 

 ground, and all the lateral branches should be cut off close to the 

 stem, but not so close that the buds that are often to be found at 

 the base of such lateral (i.e.. against the main stem) are cut off, 

 a, should this be done, no bud can force itself out from such 

 place, and should all such buds be carried away in removing the 

 lateral, a badly-balanced or dead tree would result. 



All young trees must be carefully examined about every two 

 weeks during the first three months of the first season's growth, 

 and all buds making a growth along the lower ten inches of the 

 stem should be rubbed off with the fingers, as the object in view 

 is to force out the laterals from the upper buds of the single 

 stem. In order to make the orchard of a uniform shape, the rub- 

 bing off of these buds requires to be done intelligently ; on 

 arrival at each tree the buds that are already forced out, or likely 

 to be forced out, should be noted, the object in view being to 

 allow three or four of such buds only to remain, and these should 

 be retained in such a position as to evenly distribute the future 

 main limbs around the tree so that the head shall be thoroughly 

 balanced. 



Another point to be noticed is that the nurseryman's labels 

 which are very often carelessly overlooked, are not eating into 

 the tree; if they are tightening they should be freed, in fact it is 

 better at as early a date as possible after planting to make a ground 

 plan of all orchards, and take off the labels ; a constant source of 

 danger is thus removed. 



The main work in every orchard during the first year is the 

 working of the soil by ploughing and loosening with a cultivator, 

 which should be constantly going in order to keep the trees free 

 from weeds, etc. Should irrigation be needed it must be done 

 with caution, and after every such irrigation the soil should 

 be worked with the cultivator. The soil must nerer be allowed 

 to cake round a young tree: one must also never forget to trim 

 the roots of all trees before planting them. They should be cut 

 from the centre outwards with a sharp knife. 



In conclusion keep a close and continuous watch over the 

 young trees for insects, caterpillars of sorts, and calandras. etc., 

 etc. : should they be found in any quantity a daily hand picking 

 will be quite necessary. 



