CONTENTS xiii 



PAGE 



II. STOWAWAYS ON SHIPS 425 



Introduction, prosperity and decline of the Black Rat Alexandrine 

 Rat Arrival of the Common or Brown Rat ; colonization of interior, 

 abundance and destructiveness Shipworms, Barnacles, and a Sea-Fir. 



III. SKULKERS IN DRY FOOD MATERIALS . . . .434 



The Cricket and Cockroaches Imports with wheat Imports with 

 flour Aliens in biscuits, sugar, tobacco, peas and beans. 



IV. FOUNDLINGS AMONGST FRUIT 447 



The living freight of bananas The apple as a smuggler- -A stowaway 

 in the seeds of the Douglas Fir. 



V. CREATURES CONVEYED BY PLANTS AND VEGETABLES 457 

 Types transported by vegetables : Cabbages and faunas Imports 

 with nursery stocks and living trees With plants of the flower garden 

 The tropical fauna of Scottish greenhouses Naturalized Earth- 

 worms, Snails, etc. 



VI. TIMBER TRANSPORTEES 467 



W T ood-wasps Timber carries boring creatures A few exceptions ; 



Lizards and the Zebra Mussel Long-horned invaders Other beetle 



immigrants. 



Final Remarks : The efficiency of commerce as an importer ; A month's 



arrivals from abroad. 



CONCLUSION 



CHAPTER IX 

 CHAINS OF CIRCUMSTANCE . . . .479 



I. A RETROSPECT 480 



The influence of man a developing factor A contrast, the ways of 

 Nature and Man Main trends of man's influence : Influences tending 

 to increase animal life; Influences tending to reduce animal life; In- 

 fluences tending to modify structures and habits. 



II. SOME FINAL CONCLUSIONS 492 



An increase in numbers An increase in variety The great change. 



III. SOME INDIRECT RESULTS 498 



Enumeration not the whole story The complex of life: Rabbits and 

 vegetation ; Influence of sheep, goats and rabbits ; Gulls and the moor- 

 land. 



IV. THE RECOIL UPON MAN OF HIS INFLUENCE UPON 



ANIMALS . . . 506 



Recoils on health : Flies and disease ; Rats and disease ; Ague in 

 Scotland Recoils on prosperity : Marshes and Liver Rot ; Earth- 

 worms; Hive Bees The recoil upon man's character and civilization. 



INDEX . .519 



