xii CONTENTS 



PAGE 



II. CAUSES OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FOREST . 315 

 The needs of the household : Fuel and Housebuilding Incidents of 

 conquest- -Travelling and the merrymen of the woods Wolves- 

 Industries and woodland : salt manufacture, ship-building, iron- 

 smelting and Scottish "bloomeries" Agriculture and the forest 

 "Acts of God" : the raging fire and the whirlwind Final results. 



III. EFFECTS OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FOREST UPON 



ANIMAL LIFE .32? 



Physical changes Immediate results The Scottish fauna originally 

 a forest fauna General effects on fauna Some individual examples 

 Distribution of the Roe Deer, past and present Decline of the Red 

 Deer in range and in physique Restriction and extermination of 

 Reindeer Scottish Reindeer probably a woodland race History of 

 the Elk or Moose in Scotland Conclusions regarding the race 

 of Deer Some other forest dwellers : The Urus ; Beasts of prey 

 The disappearance of the Common Squirrel, of the Capercaillie, and 

 of the Great Spotted Woodpecker Conclusions regarding the effects 

 of forest destruction. 



CHAPTER VII 

 INFLUENCES OF CULTIVATION AND CIVILIZATION . 363 



I. DECREASE OF ANIMAL LIFE 365 



Breaking in of waste land : Extermination of the Great Bustard ; 

 Reduction of numbers of Quail and other creatures ; Disappearance of 

 Butterflies Reclamation of swamps : Former abundance of marshes ; 

 Disappearance of their frequenters and inhabitants ; Extermination 

 of Bittern and Crane Interference of civilization : Toll of lighthouses 

 and other lights ; Railways and telegraph wires ; River barriers and 

 fisheries ; Pollution of rivers and estuaries. 



II. INCREASE OF ANIMAL LIFE 387 



Vegetable food and feeders : Man creates his own agricultural pests ; 

 some illustrations Animal food and insectivorous and carnivorous 

 animals : Pests bring their own retribution The refuse of civilization : 

 Influence of garbage on animal life. 



III. DISPERSAL OF ANIMALS 397 



Effects upon the spread of animals of canals, of roads and bridges, 

 and of railways. 



IV. CHANGE OF HABITS 400 



The habit of selecting a domicile Influence of houses and of towns 

 Towns and song Towns and nesting The food habit Faunas of 

 civilization : Animals of waterworks and coal-pits. 



CHAPTER VIII 



CAMP-FOLLOWERS OF COMMERCE, OR ANIMALS INTRO- 

 DUCED UNAWARES 417 



I. HANGERS-ON OF MAN AND HIS DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 420 



Undesirable aliens: Fleas and Bugs; Internal parasites Parasites 

 transported with live stock. 



