344 THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FOREST 



are much palmated, and one is usually much more developed 

 than the other, and the succeeding bez tines are also large 

 and palmated, a rare feature in the barren-ground group. 



Reindeer were frequently drawn by men of the Old 

 Stone (Palaeolithic) Age who inhabited the central plains of 

 Europe, and their drawings seem to me clearly to indicate a 

 woodland variety. In the Aurignacian painting of two Rein- 

 deer fronting each other, on the walls of the French cave at 

 Font-de-Gaume, in Dordogne, the brow tines of one of the 

 Deer are strongly palmated and unequally developed. In 

 the later Magdalenian picture of a Reindeer grazing by a 

 pool, found engraved on a piece of bone at Kesserloch, near 

 Thayngen, Switzerland, the brow and the bez tines are both 

 heavily palmated, as is also the case in the running Rein- 

 deer engraved on hornblende schist, from Saint Marcel. 

 Julius Caesar found the descendants of these Reindeer in 

 the Black Forest and neighbouring parts of Germany at the 

 time of his campaign in that country and in Gaul. These 

 structural characteristics and the forest-dwelling habit of the 

 Reindeer of Central Europe agree in suggesting that their 

 place is with the woodland group. 



What is the evidence as regards the status of the 

 Scottish Reindeer? They probably immigrated to Scotland 

 as part of the woodland fauna from Central Europe, for 

 there is no evidence that any of the characteristic animals 

 of the "steppe fauna," with which Professor H. F. Osborn 

 groups the barren-ground Reindeer, ever found their way 

 to North Britain. Such portions of Scottish antlers as 

 show distinctive features also point to the woodland group. 

 I have examined in the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow two 

 large fragments found in 1829 in interglacial deposits of the 

 Ice Age at Kilmaurs in Ayrshire (Fig. 59, p. 343). They 

 represent the right and left antlers probably of one animal. 

 The left beam is 2 ft 3 inches long, the right 2 ft 7 inches. 

 The brow tines of both have been broken off short, but the 

 bez tines though incomplete are well developed, 9 inches 

 and 13^ inches in the right and left antlers respectively; 

 both tines broaden towards their extremities and the left 

 shows clearly the beginnings of a well-developed palmation. 

 The beams are moderately stout, slightly flattened, and 

 measure, right and left, 123 and 133 millimetres in circum- 



