392 INFLUENCES OF CULTIVATION 



scarcely an insect group but has many members on the 

 black list of the farmer or gardener. Of these only a few 

 typical examples need be mentioned. The roots of culti- 

 vated crops afford superabundant food to the Wireworm 

 grubs of Click Beetles, the larvae of Cockchafers, and the 

 " Leather] acket" grubs of the Cranefly or Daddy-long-legs, 

 which in some years, as in 1894, have so increased in numbers 

 as to destroy hundreds of acres of pasture, so that shep- 

 herds knew not where to feed their sheep. Turnip and 

 related crops furnish food for new hordes of Turnip Green- 

 fly (Rhinocola dianthi\ Turnip Moth (Euxo'a (Agrotis] 

 segetuni), Turnip Saw-fly (Atkalia colibri\ Turnip Flea 

 Qtt\\t(Phyllotretanemorum\ and the mischievous Diamond- 

 backed Moth (Pht fella maculipennis], which has devastated 

 whole fields of turnips, swedes, rape and cabbage. Upon 

 the yield of the garden and the orchard have thriven and 

 multiplied the Cabbage Butterflies (Pieris brassicce and 

 rapes], the Gooseberry Saw-fly (Pteronus ribesii] and 

 Magpie Moth {Abraxas grossulariatd], the Red Mites 

 of the currant bushes (Tetranychus telarius], the Umber 

 and Winter Moths (Hybernia defoliaria and Cheimatobia 

 brumata) of apple trees, which also nourish the dreaded 

 multitudes of American Blight or Woolly Aphis (Eriosoma 

 lanigera). Many more kinds of Plant Lice and Greenflies 

 suck the juices of fruit and flower-bearing plants, and 

 many Beetles, such as the Pea Beetles (Bruchus pisoruni], 

 Strawberry Weevils (Anthononms signatus], Raspberry 

 Weevils (Otiorrhynchus picipes), Appleblossom Weevils 

 (Anthonomus pomorum\ flourish upon legumes, green 

 crops, flower blossoms and fruits, and have in one season 

 fed themselves upon the crops of a Kentish fruit-grower to 

 an extent reckoned in value at ^500. 



Within the soil as well as above ground and in the air, 

 cultivation has increased the animal life, for not only insect 

 larvae, but also vegetarian forms such as Millipedes and 

 Earthworms have multiplied. Where does the angler seek 

 for bait ? Not in natural areas such as moors, nor in the 

 leaf-mould of the forest, nor the sand-hills of the coast, but 

 in fields, gardens and the refuse-heaps of cultivated areas. 

 Hensen's careful examinations revealed that the highly culti- 

 vated soil of a garden yielded 53,767 Earthworms an acre, 



