462 ANIMALS INTRODUCED UNAWARES 



its home in the eastern States, should have been introduced 

 there by way of Europe. To California it was brought from 

 France on vine-cuttings imported before 1874; and since 

 then it has spread over the whole State, having destroyed 

 in its progress some 30,000 acres of vineyards. 



Moths also have been introduced to new countries upon 

 trees. The Gypsy Moth (Porthetria dispar), a common 

 European plague upon shade and fruit trees, was ac- 

 cidentally carried to Massachusetts from Europe in 1869, 

 and is now so widely established and so destructive through- 

 out eastern New England, that the State of Massachussetts 

 has expended over a million dollars in unsuccessful efforts 

 to exterminate it, and the United States Department of 

 Agriculture has instituted a special investigation aiming at 

 the discovery of the best means of control. 



In addition to the pests causing surface sores, trees 

 have been known to carry to new countries the canker at 

 their heart. In feeding, the caterpillars of the Leopard 

 Moth (Zeugera pyrina), a British and European species, 

 tunnel in the live wood of many fruit and ornamental trees. 

 Probably in such a secret place were hidden the specimens 

 carried unawares to the United States a short time ago, 

 the founders of a colony which now extends throughout the 

 Hudson Valley and along the Atlantic Coast from Massachu- 

 setts to New Jersey. 



TYPES INTRODUCED WITH PLANTS OF THE 

 FLOWER GARDEN 



A strange variety of creatures accompanies the intro- 

 duced plants of the flower garden. Although they include 

 no pests so serious as some of those which have accompanied 

 the produce of the vegetable garden and of the orchard, 

 they afford in one respect a feature of interest absent from 

 the others. Many of our flowering plants imported from 

 tropical regions bring with them the lesser inhabitants of 

 warmer climes. Under ordinary conditions the aliens, un- 

 accustomed to cold and bitter weather, would soon disappear 

 from our fauna, but the shelter and artificial heat of glass- 

 houses supply them with a climate like their own. So there 

 have arisen in these havens of refuge well established and 

 thriving colonies of insects and other creatures, accidentally 



