CHAP. XII. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 69 



furnished with but few veins (Fig. 188), sometimes with only 

 one, while a few species are destitute of wings; the ovipositor 

 of the female issues from the under side of the abdomen, for- 

 ward of the tip. The larvae are footless and live in the eggs, 

 larvae, or pupae of other insects, while a few kinds live in galls 

 or in fruits ; they do not usually spin cocoons before assum- 

 ing the pupa form. 



Fig. 187. Fig. 188. 



189 



GALL-FLIES (Cynipidse). These insects have the antennae 

 composed of from thirteen to sixteen joints, and not elbowed; 

 the abdomen of the female is usually armed with a piercer. 

 The larvae live in galls on plants, or in the larva? or pupae of 

 other insects. 



SAW-FLIES (Tenthredinidse). In these insects the veins of 

 the fore-wings extend to the outer margin ; the antennae are 

 not elbowed, as in the Native Currant Saw-fly (Fig. 189), the 



anterior tiba^ have two 

 spurs at the tip of each ; 

 the abdomen is united 

 to the thorax by nearly 

 the whole width ; the 

 segments of the abdo- 

 men are each of almost 

 the same width, and 

 the abdomen of the 



female is furnished with two saw-like instruments (Fig. 129), 

 with which she punctures the leaves or tender stems of plants, 



