No. 151.] 365 



cow fed with warm swill and hay. It was as white as lard, and al- 

 most as tasteless. A few days since, I was in the cellar of a country 

 merchant, and saw there a number of specimens of butter from some 

 of the best farmers of Dutchess county. Almost every parcel was 

 of a white color. I am aware there are large quantities of fresh 

 butter sold in the winter and spring that possess a good color, but a 

 little experience in the art of coloring is only sufficient to give either 

 cheese or butter any desired color. The greatest advantage to be 

 derived from soiling cows is, the quantity of manure that can be ob- 

 tamed from them, and a regular and abundant supply of milk.. 



According to "the experiments of Mr. Pell, which he communica- 

 ted to the State Agricultural Society, published by them in their 

 Transactions, for 1844, it would appear, that to keep cows, except 

 for their manure, would be attended with ruinous expenses. Five 

 cows gave, each, under the most favorable circumstances, sixteen 

 quarts of milk. Fourteen quarts of good milk are allowed for one 

 pound of butter. I do not believe that sixteen quarts of milk, from 

 soiling, would more than make a pound of butter; at any rate, a 

 cow that would average one pound of good butter per day is a first 

 rate cow. Estimating this butter at Is 6d per pound, his five cows 

 would yield 7s 6d per day. What would such an income do towards 

 paying the expenses of the animals, buildings, land, seed, labor, &c. 

 He made however, a large quantity of manure, but the bulk of this 

 was straw, weeds, leaves, &c. 



To make manure from stock, it is necessary that they should be 

 either enclosed in a yard, or tied up. The only reason assigned why 

 the manure does not give its full benefit in pasturage, is, that a great 

 proportion of it evaporates. Those who soil their cattle, and turn 

 them in a lot, therefore lose the most valuable substances in the ma- 

 nure. It is, no doubt, better to give the animals the benefit of a 

 small enclosure for exercise, &c., but yet, if it is desirable to make 

 manure, these advantages must be sacrificed. I have always found 

 it was better to keep stock tied up constantly, than to suflfer them to 

 roam a part of the season, and then confine them at other periods; 

 for they would always show its bad effects in their milking, and ap- 

 petite for food. When animals are tied up constantly, but suffered 

 to go to drink at stated intervals, they after a time, become accus- 

 tomed to it, and do as well, as far as I have observed, as if turned 

 out; ^specially when the pasturage was not regular, as it sometimes 

 is in dry hot seasons. But yet this was only in reference to their 

 condition and quality of saleable milk, not for the making of butter. 



