96 



THE WESTERN POMOLOGIST. 



1871 



2 Gruver's Early. 



3 Totofski. 



3 Sweet June. 



5 Lowell. 



2 Early "White. 



3 Maiden Blush. 



2 Autumn Swaar. 

 20 Ortley. 

 20 Ben Davis'. 

 25;Missouri Pippin. 



Some persons might wish a greater variety, and 

 also of lighter color, for that purpose we give the 

 following very desirable apples in the order of their 

 ripening : 



Cole's Quince. Rome Beauty. 



Summer Pippin. Roman Stem. 



Porter. W. "W. Pearmain. 



Fulton. Grimes' Golden. 



Monmouth Pippin. Willow Twig. 



We might also add the Baldwin, Newtown Pip- 

 pin, Peck's Pleasant, and Lawver ; and for sweet 

 apples tlie Red June Sweet, Ranisdcll's Sweet, 

 Bailey's Sweet, Kansas Sweet, Lady's Sweet, and 

 Hartford Sweet. 



If several acres of ground arc to be planted, the 

 order of setting the trees should be so varied that 

 each variety will be placed in a group together in 

 the same block ; for instance, if two acres were 

 planted, the 49 permanent trees, in one acre, might 

 be Wine Sap, while each of the other varieties might 

 be placed in a group together in the next acre; so 

 whatever number of acres are planted, all of each 

 variety would be found grouped near together for 

 convenience in gathering the same variety. 



It should also be remembered that when more 

 than one acre of land is set, it requires 196 trees to 

 the acre, which will be 27 more temporary trees 

 than can be set on a single acre, and have space all 

 around. The advantage of planting an orchard 

 close together and in the order herein given is very 

 important. 



For Tha Western Pomologist. 



Hybridizing the Apple — Itnsslan Apples and 

 Ijeaf Structure, 



Bt Joseph L. Budd, Shellsburo, Iowa. 



It is often remarked by scientific observers that 

 the climate of the prairie States has no counterpart, 

 unless it be upon tho steppes of Asia. Every year 

 it is becoming more apparent that trees and plants 

 indiegenous to a more equable and humid climate, 

 can never by any process of acclimation or seedliiiy 

 prodiictimi be made perfectly at home upon the in- 

 land prairies, remote from the great lakes. The 

 apple (Pyrus mnliia), in its original stock, and 

 through all its ages of progressive development, has 

 been a native of the more humid portions of Europe 

 and Asia. Upon the Atlantic coast, and upon the 

 eastern and southern bounds of our great inland 

 lakes, the apple docs perhaps nearly as well as in 

 Europe. The most careless observer, however, in 

 looking over our best Iowa orchards cannot fail to 



notice here a tree sadly blighted in its terminal 

 branches, there one decaying in the forks of the 

 limbs, and dozens of others with varied marks of 

 ruptured cells in the new wood growth, indicating 

 more plainly than words could tell it that the cell 

 structure of the leaf and wood of the apple was de- 

 signed for a more equable climate than ours, both 

 in temperature and humiditv. 

 ' This becomes still more apparent when we notice 

 the uniform health and vigor of the Russian apples 

 in all our orchards. Louden, and other good au- 

 thorities, state that the Russian apples are from a 

 different original stock from the common apple, and 

 as distinct as a species as the Siberian crab. The 

 botanical name ot the species is Pyrus Malus As- 

 trachania. That it is distinct from the common 

 apple is evinced in its seedlings. The Tetofski, or 

 Red Astrachan, or any of the distinct Russian ap- 

 ples if grown by themselves, produce, every time, 

 seedlings of the Astrachania type in leaf, wood and 

 fruit. The common apple, on the contrary, in its 

 seedlings runs to every extreme, away back to the 

 common Pj'rus Malus crabs of Europe. Before 

 talking of the crossing and hybridizing of the apple 

 with a view of exact adaptation to our climate, we 

 will refer very briefly to the cell-structure and hab- 

 its of growth of tho common apple, and of the 

 Russian apples and our native crabs {Pyrui Ooro- 



PLAN OF LEAP AND CELL ETRUCTtrRE. 



We must first refer a moment to Nature's adapta- 

 tion of leaf and wood of plants to the climate and 

 soil of which they are native. With a common 

 microscope, in the season of growth, the orchardist 

 can learn a lesson in a few minutes that will aid him 

 in understanding why the apple is not as much at 

 home here as in Michigan. We will first look at 

 tho leaf of marsh plants, growing where they are 

 never deprived of all the moisture they need. The 

 accompanying cut illustrates very well a section of 

 the cell structure of such a leaf The upper surface 

 («, a) is seen to consist of somewhat flattened cells 

 arranged in single layers. Beneath this is a layer 

 (J, 6,) of oblong cells perpendicular to the surface of 

 the leaf. Next below are loosely arranged cells 

 with air spaces between them. This upper surface 

 being exposed to the sun's rays, wo see is protected 

 by comppaot double rows of cells. Upon the un<ler 

 side of the leaf not tints erposcd, we see {tl, d,) a single 



