592 



AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. 



super and brood-chamber, and a painted 

 duck-cloth under the cover. The apiary 

 contains at present 475 colonies in large 

 hives, and 100 nucleus hives for ferti- 

 lizing queens. The nucleus hives have 

 been added si nee the picture was taken. 



The orchard back of the apiary con- 

 tains nearly every kind of fruit, but the 

 oranges and lemons are most profitable. 

 Above the orchard on the hillside is the 

 Sespe Land and Water Company's flume, 

 which carries water to the orange and 

 lemon orchards in the valley below. The 

 water is taken from the Sespe River, 

 which shows a little over the honey- 

 house. The hill above the flume is a 

 foothill at the base of San Cayetano 

 Mountain, on the north side of the 

 Santa Clara Valley. 



The mountains in the dim distance 

 are a spur of the San Fernando range, 

 . which run down from Newhall on the 

 south side of the Santa Clara Valley. 

 This valley is about three miles wide at 

 this point, the conjunction of the Sespe 

 and Santa Clara rivers, and is good 

 orange and lemon land for 10 miles 

 above and below. 



The Southern Pacific railroad runs 

 down this valley from Newhall to Ven- 

 tura. Fillmore is the town at this point; 

 it has been built since the railroad 

 came, about four years a'"go. Santa 

 Paula is an older and much larger town; 

 it is eight miles down the valley, is the 

 center of the petroleum business in this 

 county. 



[The above description is taken from 

 the Pacific Rural Press, 9,nd the en- 

 graving is reproduced from a photo- 

 graph sent to us by Mr. Mclntyre. Its 

 companion picture, showing another view 

 of this apiary, was given- last week on 

 page 561. — Ed.] 



Report of llie Season in Tennessee, 



A. C. BABB. 



The honey flow ceased in this section 

 about July 1, owing to wet weather, 

 which continued until Sept. 1. August 

 was extremely wet; it rained nearly 

 every day throughout the month. 



About Sept. 10 bees began work on 

 river weeds, which lasted until about 

 Oct. 1, when stick weeds, or white top, 

 came in bloom, and have continued 

 •since. 



There were frosts on Oct. 15 and 16, 

 and as it is too cold for bees to crathor 



much honey now, the season is over for 

 this year. 



I did not get as much surplus honey 

 this Fall as last, on account of the cold 

 weather— it set in 10 days too soon. I 

 extracted some fine honey a few days 

 ago, which was gathered from white 

 weed. 



My bees have no honey-dew in their 

 hives, having consumed it all during 

 July and August, and when the Fall 

 honey-flow came, they filled their combs 

 with honey, and are in good condition 

 for Winter. 



The fruit crop caused great injury to 

 bee-keepers this Fall. In this section 

 there were immense numbers of bees 

 killed by fruit dryers. Persons working 

 with fruit would mash the bees, cut them 

 in two with knives, and burn them up. 



While in town one day, I saw a 

 grocery clerk killing something in the 

 windows, and crossing the street to see 

 what it was, I found that bees flew in at 

 the door, and then tried to pass out at 

 the windows, and the clerk swept them 

 down with the broom, threw water on 

 them, then swept them into a pile and 

 mashed them with his foot. I do not 

 think such a proceeding is right. 



Greenville, Tenn., Oct. 21, 1891. 



Oat-Door Winterini of Bees. 



\V. Z. HUTCHINSOX. 



If bees can enjoy frequent flights, out- 

 of-doors is the place to winter them. If 

 deprived of these flights a temperature 

 of about 45^ enables them to bear a 

 much longer confinement than does a 

 temperature below freezing. In the 

 South frequent flights are assured ; in 

 the North no dependence can be placed 

 upon the matter. Some Winters are 

 "open," or there are January thaws, 

 allowing the bees to enjoy cleansing 

 flights, while other Winters hold them 

 close prisoners for 4 or 5 months. 



It is this element of uncertainty 

 attending the wintering of bees in the 

 open air that has driven so many bee- 

 keepers to the adoption of cellar winter- 

 ing. Still, there are some bee-keepers 

 who, from some peculiarity of location, 

 winter their bees in the open air with 

 quite uniform success; others are com- 

 pelled, for the present at least, to winter 

 their bees out-of-doors ; in short, a large 

 proportion of the bees, even in the 

 North, are wintered in the open air, 

 and probably will be for a long time to 

 come, and while my preference is for 



