804 



AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. 



Allow me to repeat, by way of 

 emphasis, that all history of foundation 

 is against Mr. Corneil's position. 



Ernest R. Root. 



[On page 448, Mr. Cornell approvingly 

 quoted this remark : "An exposure of 

 1% hours to a temperature of 212- 

 appeared to be equivalent to an exposure 

 of 15 minutes at 228^" — just one-sixth of 

 the time. The difference between 212" 

 and 257°, the point at which spores are 

 surely killed, is 45°. If that IK hours 

 are reduced to one-sixth of that time by 

 the increase of 15° in temperature, then 

 l}i hours at 212^' equals 5 minutes at 

 2570. And Mr. Cornell affirms that " it 

 has been ascertained that a long 

 exposure to a lower temperature pro- 

 duced the same effect as an exposure to 

 a higher temperature for a shorter time." 



Dr. Sternberg shows that the death 

 point in micro-organisms was from 122° 

 to 212^, and that 5 out of 37 of the 

 strongest of them required 4 minutes of 

 moist heat to cause death, and one of 

 that five was bacillus alvei (foul-brood 

 microbes). 



Now, instead of subjecting these 

 microbes for 4 minutes to 212° in 

 making comb-foundation, the wax is 

 held at over 212^ for 24 hours,, as 

 shown by Mr. Dadant's statement on 

 page 470. Surely, this is more than 

 sufficient to take the life out of even the 

 strongest microbes ; as they are for 360 

 times the length of time exposed to the 

 temperature required to kill " one of the 

 most resistant pathogenic germs known." 



There is not, therefore, the slightest 

 excuse for further agitation of the 

 question, or for the suspicion that the 

 use of comb -foundation, when properly 

 made, can possibly aid in spreading the 

 disease. — Ed.] 



Prospect for Fall Honey. 



White clover is a failure here, on 

 account of the drouth of preceeding 

 years. Bees are now living on honey- 

 dew and raspberry bloom. Basswood 

 blooms about July 1, and lasts but a day 

 or two. It now seems that a Fall flow 

 of honey may be reasonably expected. — 

 Mrs. L. Harrison, Peoria, Ills. 



COTVVElVTIOBr DIRECTORY. 



Time and place of meetitig. 



1891. 

 Aug. 6.— Rock River, at Sterling, Ills. 



J. M. Burtch, Sec, Morrison, Ills. 



Sept. 3.— Susquehanna County, at So. Montrose, Pa. 

 H. M. Seeley, Sec, Harford, Pa. 



In order to have this table complete, 

 Secretaries are requested to forward full 

 particulars of the time and the place of 

 each future meeting. — The Editor. 



North American Bee-Keepers' Association 



President— P. H. Elwood Starkville, N. Y. 



Secretary— C. P. Dadant Hamilton, Ills. 



National Bee-Keepers' Union. 



President— James Heddon ..Dowagiac, Mich. 

 Sec'y and Manager— T. G. Newman. Chicago. 



Bee ajid tlojiei] Gossip. 



!^" Bo not write anything for publication 

 on the same sheet of paper with business 

 matters, unless it can be torn apart without 

 interfering with either part of the letter. 



Prosperous Season in Nebraska. 



Bees are doing finely, and from the 

 present outlook, I predict a prosperous 

 season. Fruit promises a full crop, and 

 the late rains have done an immense 

 amount of good for farmers, fruit- 

 growers and bee-keepers. 



G. M. Whitford. 



Arlington, Nebr., June 8, 1891. 



Plenty of Rain. 



Bees have be'en booming on the fruit 

 bloom. Several swarms have issued in 

 this vicinity, and some colonies have 

 stored honey in the sections. White 

 clover began to bloom on the 2nd inst., 

 but I have not seen a single bee upon 

 it yet. The season has been dry until 

 within the last few days, when we have 

 had plenty of rain. I put 17 colonies 

 in the cellar last Fall, and took out 7 

 this Spring, but now have only 4. The 

 colonies that perished late in Winter 

 lacked stores, but the 3 that died since 

 being put on the summer stands, starved 

 in the midst of plenty of granulated 

 sugar. JosiAH Dillon. 



Bangor, Iowa, June 4, 1891. 



