iNEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



39 



to the rt.iilir tide of the condiic'.or, cuist cuter hI leSEt 

 one inch within the cavity of it ; otherwise tha wat( v 

 resnlling- from a condensation ol a part of the steam, in 

 the conductor by the cohl air wliich surrounds it, ii> 

 Etcad of fuiding its way barli i;ilo the steam boik r, will 

 descend tlirough the slcani tubes, and mix with the 

 liquids ui the vessels below ; but when the open ends 

 of these tubes project upwards within the steam con- 

 ductor, though it be but to a small height above the 

 level of its under side, it is evident that this accident 

 cannot happen. In order that the ends of the sttain 

 tubes may projv'Ct upwards within the horizontal con- 

 ductor, the diameters of the former must be considera- 

 liiy less than the diameter of the latter. 



As it is essential that the steam employed in heating 

 ii (uids, in tlie manner before described, should enter 

 the conlaininar vessel at, or very near its bottom, it is 

 tvident that thif steam must be sulBciently strong or 

 elastic to overcome, not only the pressure of the atmos- 

 phere, but also the additional pressure of the superiu- 

 eumbent liquid in the vessel ; the steam boiler, must, 

 therefore, be made strong enough to confme the steam, 

 when its elasticity is so much uicreased by means of 

 additional heat, as to enable it to overcome that resist- 

 ance. This increase of the elastic force of the steam 

 need not, however, in any case, exceed a pressure of 

 five or six pounds upon a square inch of the boiler, or 

 one third pari, or one half\ of an atmosphere. 



In this and in all other cases, where steam is used as 

 ,a vehicle for conveying heat from one place to another 

 it is indispensably necessary to provide saftty valres of 

 tww kinds ; the one for letting a part of tiie steam es- 

 cape, when, on the fire being suddenly increased, the 

 steam becomes so strong as to expose ttae boiler to the 

 dangc-r of being burst by it ; — the other for admitting 

 air into the boiler, when, in consequence of the dimi- 

 nution of Uie heat, the steam in the boiler is conden- 

 sed, and a vacuum is formed in it ; and when, without 

 this valve there would be danger, either of ha^'ing the 

 sides of the boiler crushed, and forced inwards by the 

 pressure of the atmosphere, or of having the liquid in 

 the containing vessels forced upwards into the horizon- 

 tal steam conductors, and from thence into the steam 

 boiler. 



Count Rumford proceeds to shew that the principles 

 above described had been carried into effect upon a 

 very large scale, by Messrs. Gott and Company, at 

 Leeds. 



The dyeing house of Messrs. Gott and Company is 

 very spacious, and contains a great number of coppers 

 of different sizes, some of which contain xipward of 

 1800 gallons, and they are all heated by steam from 

 one steam boiler. One of the largest of these coppers, 

 containing upwards of 1800 gallons, when filled with 

 cold water from the cistern, requires no more than half 

 an hour to heat it till it actually boils .' By the greatest 

 fire that could be made under such a copper, with 

 coals, it would hardly be possible to make it boil in 

 less than an hour. Common wooden tubs may be sub- 

 stituted for coppers, for retaining vessels, or vessels in 

 which the food is cooked. 



The foregoing may give our readers some idea of the 

 mode of heating liquids by steam. Tliose, however, 

 who would wish to construct an apparatus for boiling 

 liquids by steam, would do well to consult Count Rum- 

 ford's Essays, which may be found in the Boston .4th- 

 cneum. 



We would here observe that what we have recom- 

 mended and in part described in this essay does not 

 rest on theory, nor speculations not tested and war- 

 ranted by actual and beneficial practice. This v.e en- 

 deavored to shew in the brginni-ig of our essay, (p. 23) 

 i^d to oiakeit still more evident, we shall add to this 



.11 tide a fev/ facts derived chielly from .Mr. Smith's 

 .iddiess to the Maryland .Agricultural Society. 



" .Mr. ^Villiam Bean, of the city of Eallimo.'-e, the 

 constructor of my apparatus, has stated to me that he 

 can build such as mine at a cost from GO to £00 dolls. 

 A boiler of the lowest price, containing i^O gallons, 

 would be sufficient to cook food f.ir the stock of mo.-t 

 farms in our country, 'i he capacity of my boiler is 

 100 gallons. It has enabled my people for some time 

 to cook every day, for more than one hundred head of 

 stock, nourL'^hing food, consisting of cut hay or straw, 

 or corn tops and blades, or corn husks mixed with 

 meal produced from the corn and cob ground together, 

 or with other meal and a due proportion of water. 

 When this food is intended for cows in milk, as much 

 water is used as will serve to give it the liquid con- 

 sistence of what is called a wash ; but when it is pre- 

 pared for dry cattle or for horses, so much water only 

 is applied as is used ia the common feed of chopped 

 rye and cut straw. 



^* Clover Iiay, corn tops, blades and husks, when 

 steamed, have been found greatly to contribute in the 

 winter season to the improvement of the quality oi the 

 milk, insomuch as, in a great degree, to impart to the 

 butter the yellow color and delicate fiavor, it would 

 have received from the same articles in a green slate. 

 It is, however, proper to premise, that to produce these 

 pleasing effects, tlio clover hay and the corn fodder 

 must be well cured. ^\"ben cut straw has been used, 

 the advantages, though very perceptible, have not, 

 from the dryness o{ the straw, been so strongly com- 

 municated to tlie butter. If the steamed food should 

 not be intended for cows in milk, or for cattle for the 

 butchers, or for working oxen or horses, but lor stock 

 going at large, there is no necessity to mix it with any 

 meal whate^'er. And from the experience I have had 

 I have no hesitation in pronouncing that not only straw 

 and corn fodder, but the very corn stalks, instead of 

 " wasting their svreets on the desert air." may, if well 

 cured and preserved, be converted into nourishing food 

 for the maintenance of stock throughout the whole 

 winter season." » 



" The richness of the milk, the f.avcr and yellow 

 color of the butter, Afford the most convincing evidence 

 of the excellency of cooked food. And this is confirm- 

 ed by experiments made from time to time, in suspend- 

 ing and resuming the steamed preparations. Besides, 

 under this system, every particle of the hay, of the 

 straw, and of the coarsest offal is consumed. There is 

 no waste ; every thing is eaten with avidity. It would 

 hence appear that the steaming apparatus, converting 

 as it does all vegetable matter whatever, coarse as well 

 as fine, into the greatest quantity of nutriment, aflbrds 

 the united benefits of nutrition and economy. And in 

 this country, where so little green food is raised for the 

 maintenance of cattle in the winter, the steaming of 

 straw and corn fodder combines incalculable advan- 

 tages. Besides, it sho\Jd ever be kept in mind that, 

 in the feeding of animals, the provender ought to have 

 bulk as well as nutriment. A certain distention of the 

 stomach is requisite." 



AEWS FROM EUROPE. 



London papers to tlie 19th July have been received 

 by the Herald, Capt. Fox, from Liverpool. By these 

 it .appears that Madrid was in extreme agitation from 

 the 1st to the dth of July. On the 6th at night, one of 

 the battalions of the revolted troops made a forceable 

 entry into the cili". They entered the avenues lead- 

 ing to the square at day light, and commenced a vig- 

 orous fire on the constitutional troops, or militia. The 

 latter defended themselves successfully. At six in the 

 morning. Gen. Morillo ordered a piece of artillery to 

 be placed in the main street to prevent the nrtreat of 

 the guards in that direction, the militia continued to 

 fire upon them, and the mutineers, being repulsed on 

 every side, withdrew to the palace, where they were 

 received and welcomed by some persons of rank. They 

 then offered to enter into negotiations, but notwith- 

 standing their offer, subsequently attacked some of the 

 miiitia, but were again repulsed. Some other events 

 took pLace. whose details are of little importance. On 

 the r.t'.i, all the remaining mutineers surrendered, and 

 the Bishop, in presence of the militia, performed a sol- 

 emn mass in honor of the triumph. 



-V Paris paper of the loth ult. states that " a meet- 

 ing of the Foreign Ministers has been held at Madrid, 



to sign a decl-.raliou relativ* to the events in that cap- 

 ital. Mr. Forsyih, the American minister, lefused to 

 sign it, as totally tutrue ; assertirg that the loval ad^ 

 hirents to Ferdii;;;nd were his greatest entmif's, and 

 that the fortes, Riego, ^c. were liis best fri< nds. It 

 is added that eventually all the foreign ministers, ex- 

 cept the Austrian, agreed v.ith Mr. Forsyth. 



LoKDO.v, July 19.— /ri);.or/cn/._Extratt of a private 

 letter received this morning from I'aris, dated Jlcnriay 

 evening last :— " The French government have ju^t 

 concluded a contract for 10,000 horses for the artille- 

 ry, fcc. All lh<j different officer? have been ordered to 

 their posts, and the conscripts of the year ]1!2I arc or- 

 dered to join the [irniy. If this does not look like war, 

 I don't know what does." 



Mcrmuid. — The British Missionary Society in Lon- 

 don have published an official accevnt of the arrival of 

 a Mermaid, at the Cape of Good Hope, and given a 

 full description of her, and slate that the propiietor of 

 the extraordinary anunal is Capt. !!des, of Boston, in 

 America ; who had been offered 10,000 dollars for it, 

 but refused to part with it for any sum. 



STILL LATER. — Since writing the ibove, Lon- 

 don papers have been received by an arrival at this 

 port, as late as the 25th ult. Accounts from Madrid 

 are to July 12. The insurrection of the Guards is en- 

 tirely suppressed — the late minister of war deprived of 

 his functions. Uisturbancts, however, continue to 

 exist in some of the Norlhcrn provinces of Spain. It 

 was said that the Constitutionalists had gained a vic- 

 tory in Catalonia. The insurgents fled to the moun- 

 tains, where large bodies of them collect, and make 

 occasional predatory descents on the neighboring cities. 



A petition has been presented to the British Parlia- 

 ment from certain persons in Leeds, praying for the 

 interference of the House in the massacres of the 

 Greeks by tl>c Turks. The petition was ordered to be 

 printed. 



HARVARD V.VIFERSITY. 



The annual commencement at this ancient seminary 

 took place on Wednesday. His Excellency the Gov- 

 ernor, with the other State Authorities, was escorted 

 from this city to Cambridge, in the morning, by the 

 corps of Ca\ airy under Capt. Piichardson. A proces- 

 sion was then formed, consisting of the Government of 

 the University, and their invited guests, which pro- 

 ceeded to the meeting-house, where the literary exer- 

 cises commenced at half past ten o'clock, to a very 

 crowded and discriminating audience. Among other 

 distinguished persons, we were gratified to see the Rev. 

 President Ilolle-y, of tl e Transylvania College, of the 

 audience on this interesting occasion. After the usual 

 exercises, the Govermnent, with their guests, the 

 Alumni of this and other similar institutions, repaired 

 to the Hall, partook of a generous repast, and conclud- 

 ed the day with their accustomed festivity. 



The degree of A. B. was conferred on fifty-nine 

 young gentlemen. — Gaztlle. 



New York, .August 27. 



Although the last reports of the Board of Health are 

 not of a nature to create new alarm, yet the panic stil 

 continues, and is extending in the lower part of the city. 

 This is however, natuial. The alarm is more conta- 

 gious than the fever ; the stoutest heart is ajipalled by 

 seeing his neighbors fleeing from their abodes, and the 

 only relief is to follow them. Broadway, and the other 

 great Avenues to the upper part of the town and Green- 

 wich, exhibited yesterday a continued throng of carts, 

 laden with merchandize from the warehouses below. 

 It has already become a scene of bustle and business at 

 the new locations. 



The Banks began to move yesterday morning, and 

 we understand, are all now established at Greenwich 

 and Broadway, excepting the JIanhattan, which is at 

 their building in the Bowery, near the junction of 

 Broadway. This is a great calamity to New York, but 

 it is hoped, will be borne with fortitude. 



On the 24lh inst. the President issued his Proclama- 

 tion opening the ports of the United States to British 

 vessels from all the British Colonial Ports at which 

 our vessels are admitted — and on reciprocal conditions, 

 as regards the vessels, proportion of mariners, and na» 

 tureof the cargo. — Palladmn. 



