NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



189 



I price. In consequance of this, Jaubert 

 Paris in the month of April, 1818, recom- 

 ided by the Duke of Richeheu to the notice 

 the Emperor of Russia. This Sovereign 

 e orders in his dominions thnt the French 

 •eller should he funiishoJ with all the faclli- 

 he needed. Jauhert went first to Odessa, 

 i^aroclc, and Vstrican, to the camp of Gen- 

 1 JermoloiV, under the Caucasus, tak^nq; eve- 

 ivherc informadon from the Boukars respect- 

 the Kirghiz and the Armenians, who fre- 

 nt and inhibit the last of the cities. He was 

 )rmed that there existed among the numer- 

 hordi of Kirgh'z (a wandering people who 

 neint.' Boukaria,) on the borders of Oueal,a 

 ciesofg-oat wliich was almost always of a 

 '.zling whiteness, and which bore every year, 

 the month of June, a remarkable fleece. — 

 le samples shown bim convinced him of the 

 iformity of this down with that which came 

 o France by the way of Russia. 

 The discovery was the more interesting to 

 as it saved his time and a troublesome joiir- 

 y in crossing into Thibet, by Persia and Cash- 

 re. He was not deceived, and in some hun- 

 jd versts from the Wolga, in the middle of 

 3 Steppes, which separated Astracan from 

 •emburgo, he found thick down, which con- 

 iced him that he would not tind it necessary 

 go much farther. He also remarked that 

 eygave them the name of Thibet goats, in the 

 iguage of the country, when they spoke of 

 em. He then made his purchases, buying dif- 

 rent lots among the Kirghiz of the horde call- 

 Cara Agedi (the black tree,) among the 

 rghiz of the horde called Kaiskas, in all 

 229 beasts. He directed his troop towards 

 zaritzin, where he passed the river \VoIga. 

 he season became severe, and the mortality 

 long the goats was very great. He had for- 

 ed a plan of embarking them at Tuiigarock. 

 t the sea of Azott was frozen. He was oblig- 

 to go along the coast with them to Theodo- 

 lorCassa. He arrived there the 241h of De- 

 mber, after having lost 268 of his animals. — 

 he 14th of February he sent, in a Russian ves- 

 1, the only one he could procure, 56G, togeth- 

 • with some Austrian sheep, under the care of 

 French supercargo. The vessel arrived at 

 [arseilles towards the month of April: Jaubert 

 ad preferred not to come until he could bring 

 le second troop, which he did not choose to 

 ave behind. 



It results from the experiment of Jaubert and 

 ?ernaux, that from 1,229 goats bought among 

 kirghiz, deducting all the losses which have 

 aken place, there are at present in France 400 

 owny goats of Cashmere. 



i'onning division by using a fraction, oither com- 

 mon or decimal, as a multiplier, is familiar; but 

 how this depends on th'? neiUral properties ol 

 the unit is not readily comprehended. As Mr. 

 Preston, from the tenor of his communications,' 

 seems to be a man of somn science and inrjenn- 

 ity, and no doubt can fully explain his meaning, 

 !t is hoped he will make a more full anrl minute 

 explanation of his ideas upon the neutral prop- 

 erties of the unit. The relations and properties 

 ol' numbers are of that abstract nature, that more 

 minute explanation is frequently reipiired to 

 convey ide.is to others, than the person in full 

 possession of them deems necessary. But as 

 Mr. Preston has pledged himself to " explain and 

 lender" his rule (and of course all his reasons 

 for it) " intelligible to any person master of the 

 common rules of arithmetic," we have no doubt 

 but his ideas upon the neutral properties of the 

 unit, will be made public. 



The writer of this wouhl have no objection to 

 a correspondence with any gentleman of intel- 

 ligence upon a favorite science. Should Mr. P. 

 mean to allude to any other than a public cor- 

 respondence, and such a wish should be hereafter 

 expressed, the name and residence of the writer 

 of this, can be given him, through a clta7incl of 

 the writer's own choice. C. 



From the Hallowe!! .Advocate, Jan. 4. 

 In the Advocate of last week 1 observed a 

 ;ommunication from Samuel Preston, of Penn- 

 ylvania, to the publisher of the New England 

 ^armer, wherein allusion is made to a deinon- 

 tration o( friend Preston's rules for gauging pub- 

 lished in the Advocate of 8th Nov. last. The 

 author of that demonstration is pleased to see 

 ihe reasons for the rule given in that communi- 

 ;:ation by the person who invented or discover- 

 ed it. The Rationale of the rule are satisfac- 

 tory except that it is not perceived how the rea- 

 sons for performing f?niwion by multiplication de- 

 pend on the neutral properties of an unit. The 

 nrinciple as laid down by friend Preston, of per- 



snrroundiiig air and ceiling ; which is again de- 

 posited on every thing beneath it, and of course 

 often on the vessels, after (hey have been put 

 liy cL'-i^u, at the times of their being out of use. 

 This may be observed to give a dull sort of an 

 ippearance to brass and copper, as if you had 

 breathed upon them ; lor if you rub vour fin- 

 gers lightly over the vessels, you will have both 

 the taste and smell of the metal. 



It also happens sometimes, that after tlie ves- 

 sels were washed, they are not carefully rinsed, 

 nor perfectly dried by the (ire ; so that some of 

 the milk, &c. is left on their surface, which dis- 

 solves the metals, either by its animal, oily, or 

 acescent qualities. 



This is not the only way, nor the worst, by 

 which the butter may become impregnated with 

 mischief. The greater the quantity of cream 

 thrown up from the milk, the larger the profits 

 accruing to the dairy-man ; therefore he keeps 

 it as long as he can, and it is frequently kept till 

 it is very sour, and capable of acting upon them ; 

 if they are of lead, a calx or sugar of lead is 

 produced; if brass or copper, verdigris. 



It is true that the quantity cannot be very 

 great ; this, however, will depend upon the de- 

 gree of sourness, and length of time which the 

 milk stands ; but, independent of the acid, the 

 animal oil in the cream will dissolve brass and 

 copper. 



That an acid floats in the atmosphere of a dai- 

 ry, may he proved, by placing therein a bason 

 of syrup of violets, for a little time, which will 

 he found to turn red. 



If then I am right in my conjectures, as I think 

 I am, from the innumerable experiments and 

 observations which I have made to satisfy my- 

 self of the fact, and which it would be trifling 

 to relate here, may not the leputation of whole- 

 someness, or unwholesomeness of butter depend 

 upon, or be owing to some of the above causes 1 

 And may not many a casual, nay, obstinate com- 

 plaint, which physicians have labored in vain to 

 account for, have originated from this source ? 

 Butter is found, very frequently, to occasion 

 much disorder to very weakly, delicate and ir- 

 ritable stomachs, yet these stomachs will bear 

 olive-oil : this cannot easily he accounted for, 

 but from nietalic impregnation. 



I will not contend, that all the ill efTects al- 

 tribuled to butter are caused by the mineral par- 

 ticles, which it gains by the means above stated. 

 I only insist that it is possible, and indeed very 

 probable ; and that, when butter is free from 

 these particles, it is not so unwholesome as as- 

 serted ; though, when it does not contain them, 

 it is found to disorder very tender persons. 



To enlarge upon the subject, or attempt to 

 explain the many ways by which a very small 

 quiuitily of the above metals may prove inju- 

 rious to the human frame, in some particular 

 constitutions, would be only to repeat what has 

 already been said by older writers* Some will 

 perhaps say that my ideas are very far fetched, 

 and pthers that my opinions are ill-founded ; but 

 I trust, whoever has read the illustrious research- 

 es of Sir George Baker, on the effects of lead, 

 and the melancholy case of a young lady, 'who 

 died from eating pickled samphire, very slight- 

 ly impregnated with copper, and which others 

 ate without being diseased, as related by Dr. 



On the danger of using vessels of Lead., Copper., 

 or Brass, in Dairies. By Mr. Thomas Hayes., 

 Surgeon, of [lampslead. 



From the [setters and Papers of the Bath and West of 

 Enofland Society for the Encouragement of Agricul- 

 ture, Sec. 



Many eminent physicians have asserted, that 

 butter is very unwholesome ; while others, 

 equally eminent, have considered it not only 

 innocent, but as a good assistant to digestion ; 

 and each have been said to ground their opin- 

 ions upon experience. Perhaps both may be 

 right ; and butter may be innocent or mischiev- 

 ous, according as it contains many or few ad- 

 ventitious materials, collected from vessels, &.C. 

 used in the process of making it. 



I am led to these conjectures by observing, 

 that in almost all the great dairies, the milk is 

 suffered to stand in lead, brass or copper ves- 

 sels, to throw up the cream. The closeness of 

 the texture of these metals, and their coldness 

 and solidity, contribute to separate a greater 

 quantity of cream from the milk than would be 

 done by wooden trundles, or earthen pans, both 

 of vvhich are also sometimes made use of. 



As I wish to establish the possibility of the 

 fact, that milk may corrode or dissolve particles 

 of the vessels above mentioned, and thereupon 

 be liable to communicate pernicious qualities to 

 the butter, I beg leave to submit the reasons 

 from which 1 draw this conclusion. 



Whoever has been much in great dairies 

 must have observed a peculiarly sour, frowsy 

 smell in them, although they have been ever 

 so well attended to in point of cleanliness, &ic. 

 In some, where the managers are not very 

 cleanly, this smell is extremely disagreeable, 

 owing mostly to the corrupted milk. In some 

 it arises from the utensils being scalded in the 

 dairy, and in others from a bad construction of 

 the building itself, the want of a sufficient cir- 

 culation of air, water, &c. but in all, a great 



deal of the lighter and more volatile parts of the »gpg gj^ George Baker's papers on. the c/reclsof leacj, 

 milk fly off from the surface of the pans, and jn the Medical transactions ; Dr. Percival's paper, op 

 furnish a great quantity of acid effluvia to the ] the same ; and Dr. Falconer on copper vessel?. 



