Vol. C No. 3. 



NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



2] 



wliicli Ihey stain their silks and stuffs, and colour 

 their paper, in the following manner ; take half a 

 pound of these flowers before they are fully blown, 

 and roast them over a clear and gentle fire in a 

 very clean copper pan, continually stirring them 

 with a brisk motion ; when they begin to turn 

 yellow, pour on a little water, and let it boil till it 

 become thick, and acquire a deeper colour ; then 

 strain the whole through a piece of coarse silk. — 

 To the liquor thus expressed, add half an ounce 

 of alum, and oue ounce of calcined and finely- 

 powdered oyster shells ; when the whole is well 

 mixed, it will be fit for use. 



Domestic Encyclopedia. 



EFFECTS OF LIBERTY. 

 In the dark ages which followed the downfal of 

 the Roman Empire, several republics were found- 

 ed in the northern parts of Italy ; and while igno- 

 rance and barbarism prevailed in other European 

 countries, these states under the influence of free 

 institutions, became rich and powerful, and en- 

 joyed the comforts and ornaments of life. "Their 

 ships covered every sea ; their factories rose on 

 every shore ; their money changers set their ta- 

 bles in every city ; and manufactures flourished. 

 We doubt whether any country of Europe, our 

 own perhaps excepted, have at the present time 

 reached so high a point of wealth and civilization 

 as some parts of Italy had attained 400 years 

 ago." The revenue of the republic of Florence 

 was greater 500 years ago, than that which tlie 

 Grand Duke of Tuscany (in whose dominions 

 Florence is situated) now derives from a territory 

 of much greater extent. The manufacture of 

 wool alone employed 200 factories and 30,000 

 workmen in that republic ; and tlic rloth annually 

 produced sold for a sum equal to $11,000,000 of 

 our money. Eighty banking houses conducted the 

 commercial operations, not of Florence only, but. 

 of all Europe. Two banking houses advanced to 

 Edward the Third of England, a sum in silver 

 equivalent to $3,300,000, when the value of sil- 

 ver was quadruple vjhat it now is. The city and 

 environs contained 170,000 inhabitants ; 10,000 

 children were taught to read iu the 



MULBERRY LEAVES. 



Within a year past, the demand for Mulberry 

 leaves has so rapidly increased, that it would be 

 well for those who gather the fruit, to be careful 

 in the preservation of the seed. By tlius laying a 

 foundation for a nursery of young trees, a benefit 

 will be confered on all who feel interested in the 

 increase of the silkworm. In the course of a lew 

 years, it is anticipated that the manufacture of 

 silk will form an important article in our domes- 

 tic concerns, and although there will necessarily 

 some time elapse previous to its being carried to 

 any groat extent, yet every Mulberry tree that is 

 planted now will contribute something towards its 

 advancement. [Phil. Album.] 



CURE FOR DYSENTERY. 

 A friend has communicated the following, as a 

 cure for that terrible complaint, the Dysentery, 

 wliich is so apt to prevail at this season of the 

 year. He says he has repeatedly tried it, with 

 tlio fullest success ; — " Take the yolk of three 

 eggs, two ounces loaf sugar, one gill brandy, and 

 one nutmeg, grated, the whole to be incorporated 

 together — For a grown person, a teaspoonful 

 every two or three hours — a proportionably less 

 quantity for children. , [Prov. Pat.] 



A lady who has found the following remedy for 

 tlie prevention of bed bugs, wishes to make it pub- 

 After cleansing the bedstead thoroughly, rnb 



early or late hour is chosen, on the principle, that 

 the leaves being at these periods in a less active 

 state of perspiration, suffer least from being sep- 

 arated from their parent plant. They are preserv 

 ed fresh, and may be sent a great distance by in- 

 serting their ends in water or moist moss ; though, 

 in general, they should be used as soon after 

 gathering as possible ; indeed, as in grafting and 

 inarching the whole operation ought to be per- 

 formed with the greatest celerity. 



There arc a great many kinds of budding, bul 

 we shall describe only the four following, which 

 are copied, in substance, from Loudon's Encyclo- 

 pedia of Gardening. 



Shield budding, or T budding is thus perform- 

 ed : — Fix on a smooth part on the side of the 

 stock, rather from tiian towards the sun, and of a 

 height depending, as in grafting, on whethei 

 dwarf, half or whole standard-trees are desired ; 

 then with the budding knife make a horizontal cut 

 across the rind, quite through to the firm wood ; 

 from the middle of this transverse cut, make aslil 

 downward perpendicularly, an inch or more long, 

 going also quite through to the wood. This done, 

 proceed with all expedition to take off a bud : 

 holding the cutting or scion in one liand, with the 

 thickest end outward, and with the knife in the 

 other hand, enter it about half an inch or more 

 below a bud, cutting near half way into the wood 

 of the shoot, continuing it with one clear, slanting 

 cut, about half an inch or more above the bud, so- 



il over with hog's lard. The lard should be rub- , , , „. --.l i i •.■.•. 



ed on with a woollen cloth. Bugs will not infest ''.^^P f l" '''?"' °^ P"'^ °^ '!"' ^^^ '''""S^^'^h .t 



sucli u bedstead for a whole season. [Ohio pa.] 



NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



BOSTO]\, FRIDAY, AUGUST 10, 1837. 



the whole about an inch and a half long ; then di- 

 rectly with the thumb and finger, or point of thf 

 knife, slip off the woody part remaining to the bud: 

 which done, observe whether the eye or gem of 

 the bud remains perfect ; if not, and a little hole 

 appears in that part, it is improper, or as garden- 

 FALLEN FRUIT. '"'^ express it, the bud has lost its root and anoth- 



Be very careful to gather all punctured or dc- ^^ """^^ ^^ prepared. This done, placing the back 

 caying fruits, whether on your trees or on the P""'^ ">«= ''"'^ or shield between your lips, e.xpe- 

 gronnd, and give them to your hoo-s. If you do '''''°"s!y with the flat haft of the knife separate 

 not, the worms which they contahi, and which "'^ ^'^''^ "'"""' ^'°='' °" ^'"^^ ^"^'^ °^ ^''^ perpen- 



schools; 1200 studied arithmetic; and (iOO re 

 ceived a learned education. The progress of 

 literature and the arts was proportioned to tliat 

 of the'public prosperity. 



All the seven vials of the Apocalypse have since 

 been poured out on those pleasant countries. — 

 Their political institutions have been swept away; 

 their wealth has departed ; literature and tlie 

 arts have declined ; the people are trampled on 

 by foreign tyrants, and their minds are enslaved 

 by superstition ; eloquence is gagged and reason 

 hoodwinked. [Edinburgh Review.] 



WOOL. 



A procession of waggons arrived yesterday 

 from Pittsford, (Vt.) with about 19,000 lbs. of 

 Wool. 



What is to be done with American Wool, if it is 

 not to be manufactured in America. Sent to Eu- 

 rope .' Send " Coal to Newcastle." If the Wool 

 is not to be manufactured here, it cannot be grown 

 here to any profit. The growers want a home 

 market on some terms. Boston Palladium. 



have been the cause of their premature decay, will 

 various I make their escape into the ground, and you will 



THAMES TUNNEL. 



The aperture which had broken in the Tunnel 

 under the Thames has been closed, after much 

 ^abonj rvnd difficulty. 



find the evils, which await their visitations will 

 increase upon you another Season. 



GRAFTED TREES. 



Look over your fruit-trees, which were grafted 



last spring, or budded last summer, and suffer no 



shoots from the stocks to remain, for these will 



rob the grafts of their nourishment. 



BUDDING FRUIT TREES. 

 The operation of common budding is performed 

 any time from the beginning of July to the middle 

 of August; the criterion being the formation of 

 the buds in the axillae of the leaf of the present 

 year. The buds are known to be ready by the 

 shield or partition of bark to which they are at- 

 tached, easily parting with the wood. The buds 

 preferred are generally those on the middle of a 

 young shoot, as being neither so apt to run to 

 wood as those at the extremity, nor so apt to lie 

 dormant as those at the lower end. Stocks for 

 budding may in general, be much smaller than for 

 grafting, as the operation may be performed on 

 the same year's shoot. Btii it may also be per- 

 formed on shoots or stems of several years' growth, 

 and in such, by inserting a number of buds, a com- 

 plete tree may be formed at once. For gathering 

 the shoots containing the buds, a cloudy day or an 



dicular cut, clear to the wood, for the admission of 

 the bud, which directly slip down, close between 

 the wood and the bark to the bottom of the slit. 

 The next operation is to cut off the top part of 

 the shield even with the horizontal first made cut, 

 in order to let it completely into its place, and to 

 join exactly the upper edge of the shield with the 

 transverse cut, that the descending sap may im- 

 mediately enter the bark of the shield, and pro- 

 trude granulated matter between it and the wood, 

 so as to effect a living union. The parts are now 

 to be immediately bound round with a ligament of 

 fresh bass, previously soaked in water, to render 

 it pliable and tough, beginning a little below the 

 bottom of the perpendicular slit, proceeding up- 

 ward closely round every part, except just over 

 the eye of the bud, and continue it a little above 

 the horizontal cut, nrft toe tight, but just sufficient 

 to keep the whole close, and exclude the air, bud, 

 and wet. 



Shield-budding reversed, or reversed j. budding, 

 differs from the former in having the transversed 

 cut made at the bottom oF the perpendicular slit, 

 instead of at its top, and of course the shield is 

 reversed in its position. This mode is represented 

 as preferable to the oth^r by such as contend 

 that the sap rises in the bark equally with the 

 wood ; but as this opinion is nov; generally con- 

 sidered as exploded, the first or T mode, may jusjf 

 ly be conisidered as the most scientific mode oF" 



