334 



NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



May 9, 1826. 



er stand in its receptacles longer than twenty-four i 

 hours. In winter, milk may remain unakimmed I 

 thirty six or forty eigtit hours. The cream should 

 be (leposite<l in a deep pan, kept during summer 

 in a cool place, where a free air is admitted. Un- 

 less churniiit; is performed every other day the 

 cream siioiihl be shifted daily into clean pans, but 

 churning should be performed at least twice a 

 week, in hot wpather ; and this should be done in 

 the morning before son rise, taking care to fix 

 the (hum where there is a good draught of air. 

 It a pump churn is nsed it may be plunged a foot 

 deep in cold water, and remain in th;]t situation 

 during the whole tiiue of churning, which will 

 much harden the butter, A strong rancid flavour 

 will he given to butter if we churn so near the 

 fire a-< to heat the wood in the winter season. 



After the butter is churned it should immediate- 

 ly be washed in many different waters, till it is 

 perfectly cleansed from the milk ; and it should 

 be worked by two pieces of wood, for a warm hand 

 "vvill soften it. .mil m'lke i'. appear greasy. 



Butter will require and endure more working in 

 ^vinter than in summer. 



Those who use a pump churn innstkecpa regu- 

 lar stroke : nor should they permit any person to 

 a.-isist them unless they keep nearly the same 

 stroke; for if they churn more slowly, the butter 

 ■will in the winter go back, as it is called ; and if 

 ttie stroke be more quick, it will cause a ferment- 

 ation, by which menus the butter will acquire a 

 very disatrreeable flavour. 



Cows should never be suffered to drink improp- 

 er water ; stagnated pools, water wherein frogs 

 spawn, common sewers, and ponds that receive 

 the drainings of stables are improper. 



The operation of ch"rning may be very much 

 shortened by mixing a little dis illei. vinegar with 

 the cream in the churn. The butter being after- 

 wards well washe ' in two or three changes of wa- 

 ter The whole of the acid will be carried off; 

 or if any remain it will not be perceived by the 

 taste. A table spoonful or two of the vinegar to 

 a gallon of cream. 



days, taking into view tha". the more tl t: sun is 

 hot, tlie less iime is requisite. After this, you use 

 the plough in order to raise up the earth ajjain to 

 the plant, and with the spade or hoe, you give it a 

 finishing. Another ploughing must be made from 

 the 15th to the 20ih May ; another as»in to 

 wards the end of June, and a last one when the 

 fruit is about ripening ; that is, when it bfgins to 

 alter its colour. 



The third year, the ploughing must be nia le 

 deeper, and the tearing or strippin-r of the stalks, 

 nine inches deep, so as to be ble to cut all the 

 shunts that are found under ground at that depth, 

 and also to cut close the roots which may have 

 grown up to the surface. The three other plough- 

 ings for that year, .ire made at the same periods 

 as reco(ninen<led for the second year. The like 

 operation is to be performed .m every succeedina 

 year ; bearing, however, in mind that the older 

 the plant gets, the more you must be ciirrfnl in 

 stripping the earth off your stumps to » proper 

 depth, in order to clean them from their eAuberant 

 roots. 



In very dry soils, observe not to plouch too deep, 

 but just suflSciently so as to destroy the ffra^s and 

 preserve to the ground, its moisture. 



very tlejir at one time, it is immediately overgrown; 

 and becomes proportionably cheap. To grow 

 something of every thing is safe for those who 

 have extensive concerns ; select things for those 

 who devote their whole attention to small spots: 

 and things long of coming to perfection, as tart- 

 rhubarb, seakale, asparagus, &c. to those who 

 have capital. It is never advisable to propagate a 

 dear article very extensively, as every body is like- 

 ly to do the same thing ; it is better even to a- 

 dopt a contrary practii e 



A good deal of the profit of market-gardening 

 depends on sludyine the state of the market ; in 

 gathering crops sparingly when things are low, 

 and in sending liberal supplies at times, when 

 fiom weather or other cau.ses, they are, or are 

 likely to be high. This requires both judgment 

 and capital, for the needy grower must sell at any 

 price. 



B'eeeding at the nuse. — Spirits of Turpentine 

 applied to the nose and snufled up has been found 

 an effectual re ;iedv for this complaint. 



CUurURE OF THE VINE. 



A friend, who is not only aii amateur, but a con- 

 noisseur in horticulture observes that the follow^ 

 ing directions relative to the culture of the grape 

 are novel, or at least not generally known, or 

 dwelt upon by writers If correct they are im- 

 portant, if not so, it is important that their fallacy 

 should iie detected. They arc extracted from 

 Loubnl's Vine Dresser's Guide. 



"A Vine-yard must be ploughed over often, and 

 be kept entirely freo from grass and weeds. This 

 operation the French call fttrtng'c. The first year, 

 the ground requires to be ploughed over at least 

 four times, and the grass kept completely under. 

 The second year tlie fir.st ploughing ought to be 

 made towards the end of March, and as close to 

 the stalk as possible, without hurting the roots. 

 Then with the spade or hoe, you strip the stalk 

 bare of earth (what the French call dechnusage,) 

 to the depth of about si.\- inches, and you extract 

 or cut off carefully all the shoois or sprigs, which 

 you find even with the ground ; also the superflu 

 ous roots of the plant. You leave the stalk, thus 

 atript of earth, exposed to the air for ten or fifteen 



NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



BOSTON, FRIDAY, MAY 9, 1828. 



GARDLNING, DOUBLE CROPS, &c. 



In sowing broadcast crops it is fnund of advan- 

 t.Tge to sow several sorts of seeds together, be- 

 cause some of them may fail or be destroyed by 

 insects after they come up; if all come up and 

 thrive, then such sorts as are least valuable may 

 be treated as weeds. Thus onions, railishes, let- 

 tuces, and carrots are often sown together ; some 

 times the carrots are wed out, and the best crop 

 is the onions ; at other times the onions partially 

 fail, and are drawn for salading or transplanting, 

 and the lettuce is the main crop. Radishes are 

 often sown with turnips, as a sacrifice to the fly, 

 while the turnips escape. 



In general all transplanted crops, and as many 

 sown ones as possible, are drilled ; and for bulky 

 crops, as cabbages, peas, beans, &c. it is an ap 

 proved practice to sow or plant two rows near to 

 each other, and then a wide interval, in which a 

 dwarf early crop, or crops of short duration, as 

 epinage, lettuce, &c. is sown. By the time the 

 main crop is at its full size, the inter-crop is re- 

 moved ; the ground is then dry and another crop, 

 as cabbages, or turnips introduced, which is ready 

 in its turn to -iicceed as the main crop. In this 

 way, no p8^ of a market garden is everleft naked 

 or cropless, at least during summer, and though 

 these inttVvening crops are often injured when 

 young by the shade of the main crops, yet, if the 

 ground be in high order they soon recover when 

 freely exposed to the air and the ground is stirred. 

 If the land, however, is not in good heart, it is a 

 better system to adopt a rotation, and stir the 

 whole ground well between each crop, because 

 here, the soil being poorer, a greater volume is 

 required to supply the same nourishment; quantity 

 is substituted for quality. 



With respect to the comparative market value 

 (^ crops, they must on the general average, be 

 nearly on a par; if one crop is at any time dearer 

 than another, it is in consequence of being more 

 "•""■"■■ous or e.xpensive to raise ; if one article is 



GRAZING, HOVEN CATTLE. 



In order to conduct the business of grazing 

 with profit, a variety of circumstances require at- 

 tention. In the first place care should be taken 

 not to turn neat stock into pastures before there 

 is a. full bite, or the grass has obtain' d a sufficient 

 degree of length and maturity Neat cattle whose 

 tonjues chiefly enable them to collect their food, 

 cannot bite close. Sheep r.ud horses will thrive 

 on short feed, where cows and oxen would scarce- 

 ly subsist Therefore, milch cows, working oxen 

 und fatting beasts should have the first feeding of 

 a pasture. Then you may turn in sheep or horses, 

 or both. 



When beasts are turned into fields, consisting 

 either of clover entirely, or of a mixture of clover 

 with other grasses, they are liable to be hoven or 

 swollen The common remedy for this disorder 

 has been to stal^ the diseased animal with a pen- 

 knife or other sharp instrument, under the short 

 ribs, and put into the orifice a tube of ivory, elder, 

 a quill, or something of the kind, to give vent to 

 the confined air. This, however, is a rough and 

 dangerous remedy, and it may be well to mention 

 others more safe and gentle. 



The 83d volume of Young's Annals of Agricul- 

 ture, announces the following recipe for hoven 

 cattle, which the work declares will effect v rem- 

 edy in the most desperate cases in half an hour. 

 Take three quarters of a pint of olive oil ; one 

 pint of melted butter, or hog's lard ; give this 

 mixture by means of a horn or bottle, and if it 

 does not produce a favorable change in a quarter 

 of an hour, repeat the same quantity and walk the 

 animal gently about. For sheep attacked with 

 this malady, the dose is from a wine glass aud an 

 half to two glasses. 



Besides these remeilies, flexible tubes, and canes 

 with knobs at their ends, have been used to force 

 a passage from the mouth to the stomach, to per- 

 mit the confined air to escape upwards from the 

 trunk of the animal affeiterl. Descriptions of 

 these instruments may be seen in the second edi- 

 tion of the Di-mestic Encyclopedia, vol. i. p. 409, 

 410. The following remedy we have been told is 

 effectual, but have no perso-ial knowledge of its 

 application. Make about a pint of lie, either with 

 hot embers thrown into a sufficient quantity of 

 water, or by dissolving therein about an ounce of 

 pot or pearl ash, and turn it down the throat of 

 the ox or cow affected. A proportionably less 

 quantity will answer for a sheep. This is said to 

 give immediate relief by neutralizing the carbon- 



