350 



NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



May 23, 1828. 



itble bUDierraneous products, ami to incur great 

 expense in niakinj; ahonive trials. 

 Thero are certain indications, which point out 



Orchards which are laid down to grass last long- 1 smooth, if it is wished that the timber may be re- 

 esl ; but it is necessary to keep the ground clear produced, that the ne.v growth may start together, 

 of weeds and grass for some little distance from ] and not be shaded by trees of a larger growth.— 



the roots. They may be pastured with calves and j Selecting now and then a large tree, destroying a \ ^^^ existence of metals, coal, &c. and to search for 

 awine, and by the latter with much advantage, as I number of trees in order to obtain access to'^it, ! '•'"^"^ wnere such indications arc not present is as 

 they destroy the curculio. Sheep may be admit- and felling it in such a manner as to injure and ' foo'i'^l'' as il would be to look for tropical fruits m 

 ted, proviiie.J the trees are smeared with a coat | oreak down many others is a wasteful practice, I ^'■''<^"''"^- Dr, Cooper, in the last Philadelphia 

 of lime, or with Forsyth's compo.-^ition ; but large ; which is insufferable where wood or timber pos- 1 *''''"''" °'' W'"''=h's l^omestic Encyclopedia makes 

 cattle, vitiirh can reach np to ihe limbs of the [ gggggs fjny value. j the following observations on this subject : 



trees should not be suffered to mn in an orchard, j But it is not merely in forests, nor as supplying I "/'«/i™'!«»s of coat. It is hardly possible to 

 In Gernviny they surround the routs of fruit trees fi^e „.(,od and timber that trees are valuable.— ; S'^e any useful notions on this subject to persons 

 in grass land, with hemp breakings, not only the j ., Considered agriculturally," says an English writer, "'''° '"'^'^ P''''' °° attention to geology, or subter- 

 stock, but for some distance from the tree. The.uthe advantages to be derived from 'subdividing '■'''"^■'" S^^S^apy- But it may be observed briefly, 

 breakings of flax, and spent tan are also recom- ] extensive tracts of country by plantations are evi". 1- '•• '*= hopeless to search for coal mines in a 

 mended for the same purpose. dently great, whether considered in the light of /'nmiY/rt country, that is, m the strata called gra- 



— , affording immediate shelter to the lands, or in that ""^' gneiss, mica, slate, soapstone, clay slate, or 

 TO pt'BiFY MUSTY CIDER. j of improving the local climate." The fact that the ^^S"'"^- Sometimes powerful floods or some oth- 



A friend informs iis that a few slices of the red climate may be thus improved, has iu very many " '=1"^° '""y have washed away and denuded 

 hftt, put into a barrel of musty cider will deprive instances been sufficientiv established. It is in- ^""'^ °*' ^^^ intermediate strata between granite 

 It of us disagreeable taste and smell, as well as ; ^^ed astonishing, how much better cattle thrive in ^°'^ ''O"'' "* ^^ Hidimond, Virginia : but these are 

 prevent its becoming vapid or acid. | fields even but moderately sheltered, than they do ''^'"^ ^'"* anomalous cases. 2 The class of rocks 



— I in an open exposed country. In the breeding of '=^"'='' transition, such as grauwacke, and grau- 

 cucuMBERS 1 cattle, a sheltered farm or sheltered corner in a "'*'=''^ ^'"'e, "flen contain anthracite, glanz, or 



Are rendered more .vholesome by slicing them ; f^r^jg ^ ^^ing jj,„j.,, pri-^gd ; and in instances smokeless coal; as in Schuylkill and Luzerne 

 into a basin of cool spring water. where fields were taken by the season for the coun'ies, Pennsylvania 3. Ti.e class of rocks 



purpose of fattening them, those most sheltered '''"^'^ secondary or horizontal, contain almost all 



never fail to bring the liighest rents, provided the "'^ ''"°^^" '="'*' basins. Every coal field, or coal 



To make sage cheese, take the tops of young , ggn ^g equally good with that of the neiirhboring ''"^'n "' ^hat is called geologically the independ. 



red sage, and having pressed the juice from them ; figjjg^ ^|„gh are sheltered by trees. If wl inquire ®"' '="*' formation, consists of a separate series of 



by beating in a mortar, do the same with the :„,(, ,|,g ^^^,,5^ ^^.^ gj^gu fi^j that it does not al- "fegularly elliptical strata, dipping from the out 



leaves of spinach, and then mix the two juices Logg„,gr jgpg'nj „„ ^^ early rise of grass, on ac- break or crop toward the centre of the basin 



together. After putting the rennet to ihe miik, Ig^^nt of the shelter afforded to the lands by the 'T'"-'"'-' "'" '"""'' ''*■'"" ^^^ stratum called in Eng- 

 pour in some of this juioe, regulating the quantity jp,3Pt^,ig„. but, likewise, that cattle, which have '""" the. floetz magnesian limosloue, and usually 

 by the degree of color and taste it is intended to j ;„ j,,^,^ pQ^^,^^^ j^ ^.^U geaggng^ to indulge in the ''^■"'"'' downward toward the mountain or Derby- 

 give the cheese. As the curd appears, break it kjjjjj i^pj^g^ jj(j-,j^jgj t[,pij, 1^ ,^ggg^ j-ggj (,gjtpf . shire limestone, which rests on the old red sand 

 gently, and in an equal manner, then emptying it [ because their bodies are not pierced by the keen' ^'""^- ^ '=°''' fi*"'d consists of various strata of 

 int.. the cheese vat, let it be a little pressed in or- ^^j^^s of spring and autumn ; neither is the tender *'"''■' '^''^y- "' '''"»' at the top, coniaii -.ng pyrites 



'' " " '" ' '"" "' grass destroyed by the frosty blasts of March and *"" vegetable impressions ot ferns, pmos, bamboos, 



^ ■] j&c. then coal, then argillaceous gravelly or free- 



^' , , , J : stone strata, then coal, then argillaceous ffravellv. 



Dr. Deane observed, "to manage pasture land i , . p,.^^.,„„„ ^,_ ,, „f, ., " . .': , .- 

 ', , . ,,'='„ "^ , ,, and treestone strata, otlen alternatinrr with basalt, 



advantasjeouslv, it should be well fenced in small ;^ „■, ^, ,^„,,, ,, ^ i i . 



. ^ -. , , ,• . or wid or loadstone, then coal again and so on. 4. 



lots, of four, eight or twelve acres, according to I ,,,, ^ „,„„, i k i / i . . i ^ 



'. ' - . .. . .... 1 he great coal beds (coal strata or cosl measures) 



SAGE CHEESE. 



der to eat mellow. Having stood for about seven 

 hours, salt and tuin it daily for four or five weeks, 

 then It ttill be fit for the table. The spinach be- 

 siiles improving the flavor and correcting the bit- 

 terness of the sage, will give it a much more pleas- 

 ing color than can be obtained from sage alone. 



O.N THE CULTIVATION AND USES OF TREES, 

 TIMBER, &C. 



Every farm of any considerable s'v/e should have 

 a w ooil lot, to afford a supply of fuel and timber. 

 That part of a farm should be devoted to this pur- 

 pose, which is least adapted by nature to tillage 

 or grass. Land which is swampy, with a very thin 

 soil over a sandy bottom ; land that is rocky and 

 luountaiiiouB, or which will not endure drought, 

 may answer well for forest trees. It is very bad 

 policy to suffer any such places to be destitute of 

 growing trees. 



Some farmers in this country, have thought they 

 would make a lot of ten or a dozen acres answer 

 the purpose of supporting one constant kitchen 

 fire. This, however, is thought by good judges to 

 be too small a quantity of land for that purpose, 

 unless it be very fertile. 



In France, large forests were carefully preserv- 

 ed, oven during the wildest periods of the revolu 



the largeness of one's farm and stock. And these 

 lots should be bordered at least with rows of trees. 

 It is best that trees, of some kind or other should 



that constitute the independent coa' formation, are 

 above the mass of rock salt, and the strata con- 

 nected with it. 5. The lignite or coal, half wood, 



be growing scattered in every point of a pasture, .„|f„„„, , . .„ ,. .. . ,. .. 



^ = , . r. • hall coal, is never to be relieu on as an indication 



so that the cattle may never have far to go in „,-„,„<;, „i,i„ „ i . , /• i u -<■ i 



■' I. 1 , , ■ rr,, of profitable coal strata. 0. In searchins lor coal, 



a hot hour to obtain a comfortable shade. 1 he ,, , , ,i r i- i 



,, ,. . , , , , , attend to the impressions of organic fossils. — 



orass will sprinsf earner in lots that are thus shel rp, „ „, ■ , - . , 



» .,, , , , , , „ 1 here are no animal remains except very rarely 



tered, and they will bear drought the better. But ,^„,, ,„„^^,^^ .^ ^^^, ^^^^^^ . ,^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^ 



too great a proportion of shade should be avoided ^,^ impressions in the strata above or below; (ex- 

 as It will give a sourness to the grass. -^ ^^^ transition anthracite, verv far below 



•Small lots, that are thus sheltered, are not left ^,^g bitumenous coal. 7. The slate clay over coa! 



bare of snow so early in the spring as larger ones ,^ ^j.^^^ blackened by the bitumenous soot of coal 



lying bare, as fences and trees cause more of it beneath, .and contains pyrites. 8. In searching for 



to remain upon the ground. The cold winds in ^^^,_ ^^.^^^^.^^ .^ ^ire^ms. gnlUes, and ravines, the 



March and April hurt the grass much when the 

 ground i.s bare. And the winds in winter will nol 

 suffer sno'.v to lie deep in land that is too open to 



the rake of winds and storms." (To be continued.) ^^ j 



edges of the strata ; remark if they consist of the 

 strata usually accompanying coal, and trace them 

 upward, to where they crop out, or break out to 



JUNES, COAL, &c. 



Modern discoveries in geology have thrown great 



LATEST FROM EUROPE. 



London files to the 20th of April have been re- 



• ■ u 1 . .L 1 u J J ! linlit nti ilip oiihipr-t of minintr nnd introduced into ceivcd, by which it appears that a powerful Rus- 

 tiou, when almost cvcrv thin"- else was abandoned "2nt on ine bunjeci 01 mining, ano iniiouuLLu iiuo > j i r r 



I . . I. J . V .1 . i^ .u itho nrt B dnnrpp nf riTinintv never brforp siau aruiy hao passod Or was about 1 pass luto tfio 



to destruction. It is said to be the practice of the 'ne art a degree oi certainty never ut lore .' ' ..,,,. , l ■ . . 



■c 1 1 „.«. . . a- .1 ■ 1 r. cnntpmnlatod Nnsnlinp nr mpfnllifproii'i boilies 1 urkish domaius at Moldavia, with the intention 



French people not to cut oft their woods oftener ' "^ontempiaiea. iNo saline, or meraiuierous uouies, . r m i 



• u ■ . « . . . c J u i hoiipvpr niifrht fr. hp cnii<rh* fnr or attpmntpd to be of taking possossion Of thdt provinco and ot Wal- 

 than once in twenty or twenty five vears, and bv nowever, ougnt to oe sougn.. lor or aiiempieu lo oe , . °., , , , , <• 



, 1 .1 . ., • LI- 'i ivprLpfl hut tirith flip nrlvirp and ncBiafnncp nf nn lachia. Although 00 positive declaration ot war 



law, when they are cut over, Ihe owner is oblirred worked, out witn tlie auvice ana assistance oi an i u i i> • 



to cut nil smooth, with the exception of a very few 

 trees, which the olriccrs of government had mark- 

 ed to be spared for a larger growth. And when 

 woodlands are cut they nlways ought to be cut 



w. u .... .... experienced and skilful mineral surveyor. Noth- ;ha_d been issued by the Russian government, yet 



... I ■ 1 .1 ii: e » u 1 I in/r llointT mnrp rnnirnnn Ihon fnr nronriptor^l In officlal articles WOTO R llOStilC RPpearance shoW 



trees, which the olhccrs of government had mark-ij ing ueing more conunon man tor proprietors lo »' , . ^ .:^ ... . ,_ .,.rTi...ui-K .._..:._ 



ed to be spared for a larger growth. And when 



be induced by local reports or traditions to fancy !eil a determination to invade the Turkish territo- 

 their lands contain coal, lead, or some other valu- '"ss. and indicated that Russia was certain of the 



