VOIi. XITI. NO. 19. 



AND HOiri FCULTURAL JOURNAL, 



149 



oritynrilie l)iii-imicner, I slioiiM nut luive consideieil 

 the experiments with the cyaiioineter worth com- 

 municating to the worlil. 



I am aware, that among scientific men, there is 

 an unlielief of the faci, that intensity of darkness 

 increases as wc recede from the earth, hut I do not 

 consider it my duty here, to enter on a proof of tlie 

 assertion, or attempt to explain the cause, which I 

 do not feel competent to perform, and will leave 

 that for more ahle pens than mine. The world 

 may expect to have soon a rich intellectual treat 

 on that siiliject, from a gentleman in Baltimore, 

 whose scientific acquirements, added to his pro- 

 found reasoning and lucid mind, I am satisfied 

 (from personal acquaintance,) render him in all re- 

 spects competent to perform the task. 



to the different reservoirs, liy which both the re- 

 ception and tlie delivery of water are regulated to 

 the greatest nicety, with a view to the most rigid 

 economy of tlie fluid. 



OXY-HYDROGBK GAS TELBGRAFHS. 



We are glad to find that Mr. Coad is proceeding 

 with his plan of applying oxy-hydrogen gas, in 

 comhustion with lime, to tlie i)urpose of telegraph- 

 ing. Tlie experiments will be made at Egremoiit, 

 in a few evenings, and persons on the Prince's Pier 

 will have a full view of them. We have no doiiht 

 of their success ; if so, we can communicate with 

 London, at night, by means of about twelve stations 

 in FIVE MiNnTES ! — Liverpool Journal. 



From Loudon^s Magatine. 

 AQUEDUCT. 



Greenock is situated at the bottom of a sloping 

 hill or ridge, the top of which is upwards of 500 ft. 

 above the level of the Clyde. To 'he top of this 

 ridge iMr. Thom has conducted, along the summits 

 of other riilges, from a distance of six vXiiles, a co- 

 pious supply of water, not only for all the ordinary 

 purposes of the town, but for driving mrt,>hitievy. 

 The water is collected into reservoirs, at th<; dis- 

 tance of several miles from Greenock ; and ea( i of 

 these reservoirs i» capable of containing a supply 

 for the consumption of the inhabitants, for more 

 than six months; "so that not only the surplus 

 waters of one wet season may be retained for sup- 

 plying the dry season of the same year, hut the 

 surplus of several wet years may be stored up to 

 supply a drought of several years duration, should 

 3uch ever occur." The water is brought to the 

 summit of the hill in such quantity as to supply 

 1200 cubic feet per minute, which Mr. Thorn esti- 

 mates, on a fall of 30 ft. as equal to a Bolton & 

 Watt's steam-engine of fifty-horse power. The 

 water is applied in succession to mills, of which 

 there are two series, and the same aqueduct sup- 

 plies water for the inhabitants at the rate of 2 cubic 

 feet per head per day. 



The filtration of this water is effected in 3 filters, 



invented by Mr. Thom, which are thus formed : 



" Each filter is 50 ft. long, 12 ft. wide, and 8 ft. 

 deep. The water is made to percolate through 

 them, either upwards or downwards at pleasure. 

 When it percolates downwards, and the supply of 

 filtered water becomes sensibly less (which, after 

 •oine time, must happen to every filter, by the 

 lodgment of sediment), then, by shutting one sluice 

 and opening another, the water is made to pass 

 upward with considerable force, and, carrying the 

 sediment along with it, to fall into a waste drain 

 made for that purpose. When the lodged sedi- 

 ment is thus removed, and the water begins to run 

 clear, the direction of the sluices is again changed, 

 and the filter operates as before." 



Among the most ingenious arrangements con- 

 nected with these works are, the self-acting sluices 



SUGAR AN ANTIDOTE TO THE POISON OP 

 OR FROM COPPER. 



So many accidents occur from using co[iper 

 vessels, that we deem it proper to give the»m(ist 

 simple directions for counteracting the poisonous 

 cfTects of the oxide of this metal. Sugar is a most 

 powerful antidote against verdigris and other pre- 

 parations of copper, although it is difficult to un- 

 derstand in what manner the beneficial process is 

 conducted. M.Duval introduced, by means of an 

 India rubber tube, four drachms of oxide of copper 

 dissolveil in acetic acid into the stomach of a dog; 

 in about four minutes afterwards he injected by 

 the same medium four ounces of strong syrup ; 

 this dose he repeated at intervals of half an hour, 

 until he had injected twelve ounces. During this 

 time the animal experienced much nervous excite- 

 ment, and was slightly convulsed ; but after the 

 last injection he became perfectly calm, and having 

 gone to sleep, woke without feeling any farther 

 effects of the poison. M. Orfila relates several in- 

 stances of persons who had taken acetate of copper, 

 either accidentally or designedly, having been re- 

 covered by the administration of sugar. He seve- 

 ral times proved by experiment that a dose of ver- 

 digris, which would otherwise have killed a dog 

 in an hour or two, might be swallowed with im- 

 punity if previously mixed with a quantity of sugar. 

 As alcohols have a property which neiitializes the 

 most concentrated muriatic acid in ethers, it would 

 appear sugar neutralizes the oxides of copjier and 

 lead. Sub-tartrate of neuter lead was, indeed, 

 used by Berzelius in bis experiments to determine 

 the proportional parts of sugar. If an ounce of 

 white sugar be boiled for half an hour in a phial, 

 with an ounce of water and ten grains of verdigris, 

 a green liquid will be procured, in which the most 

 sensible re-agents will not indicate the presence of 

 copper, such as hydro-ferrocyanate of potass, am- 

 monia, and hydro-sulpbiiio ; but an insoluble car- 

 bonate of copper will remain at the bottom of the 

 vessel. — Journal des Connaissances Usuelles. 



nutriment has had time to reach tlie general circu- 

 lative system. These things all show the genera! 

 sympathy between the stomach and every other 

 part of the Itoily. —CvrbvtVs Clinical Lectures. 



EXHILARATING GAS. 



It is stated in the Vermont Courier that a young 

 lady in Hanover, N. II. recently became deranged in 

 consequence of inhaling the fumes of ether, adopted 

 as a substitute for ' Exhilarating Gas.' We believe 

 this is not the only instance of ill effects produced 

 by such means of unwarrantable excitement. 



THE STOMACH. 



Emotions of the mind have a powerful influ- 

 ence on the stomach. Let a person who is going 

 to sit down to dinner with a good appetite, receive 

 a piece of news, either exceedingly joyful or ex- 

 ceedingly distressing, and his appetite goes in a 

 moment. Children who are about to set out on a 

 pleasant journey, it is well known, cannot eat. 

 This when I was a child, used to be called "jour- 

 ney proud." On the other hand, a blow upon the 

 stomach will sometimes take life instantly ; a drink 

 of cold water, when the body has been very hot, 

 has often had the same effect. Attend to your 

 companions when on a journey afoot, as their 

 stomachs grow empty, how sullen and silent the 

 whole party becomes ! let a crust of bread, a little 

 cheese, a glass of ale or wine be taken, and cheer- 

 fulness immediately reigns, even long before any 



/■'mm (he Ohio Farmer. 

 PORK AND BEEP. 



As the time is fist approaching when our citi- 

 zens will commence barrelling beef and pork for 

 the N. Orleans market, we insert the following 

 Directions taken from an Act passed in the Slate 



of Louisiana, providing for the inspection nf Beef 



and Pork in J\l'ew Orleans. 



Mess Pork — must be composed of the choicest 

 sides of well fattened hogs— neither flanks, tail pie- 

 ces, or any part of the shoulder will be admitted. 



Prime Pork — Three shouhlers with the shanks 

 cut off at the knee joint, one head and a half, di- 

 vested of ears, snouts and brains, the balance to be 

 made up of sides, necks, and tail pieces — say a 

 sufliciency of sid: pieces to form the first and last 

 layers in the barrel. 



Cargo Pork — may be made of any part of the 

 hog that can be considered merchantable Pork, 

 with not more than four shoulders and two heads 

 in a barrel ; shanks, ears, snouts and brains ex- 

 cluded, as in prime. 



The hog ought to be cut from the backbone to 

 the middle of the belly, in pieces not more than six 

 inches wide, and packed in the harfel edgewise. 



Mess Beef— must be made of the brisket am) 

 the choicest sides of well-fattened cattle. 



In a barrel of Prime Beef, there must not be 

 more than the half of neck, two flanks and two 

 legs, cut above the knee joint; the balance of the 

 choice pieces, with a sufliciency of good side pieces 

 to form the iqiper layer. 



In a barrel of Cargo Beef, there must be a pro- 

 portion of good pieces, with no more than the one 

 halfneck.s, three flanks, and two legs cut, as m prime. 



The beeves must be well fattened with corn, 

 and cut in handsome pieces, not to be less than 

 4 pounds in weight. 



The barrel must be made of good seasoned 

 white oak or white ash, to be eighteen inches he- 

 iwei n the chimes, full on the cents, and 2S inches 

 long, swelling gently towards the centre, and to he 

 free from every defect. A quarter bound barrel, 

 with only 12 substantial hoops on it, is lawful, but 

 to a full bound barrel, at least 18 hoops will be 

 necessary. 



It is provided by law, that no less than two 

 pecks of coarse salt shall be put in each barrel of 

 beef and pork besides pickle, to be made with as 

 much salt as the water will hold in solution ; but 

 it is to be observed, that beef requires a Greater 

 quantity of salt for its preservation, than pork ; 

 and where only a half a bushel is used in packing, 

 it is rather doubtful whether, on reaching New 

 Orleans, there would be a sufliciency remaining 

 undissolved in the barrel to justify the Inspector 

 in branding it without changing its condition. 



It is also provided by an act passed the 6th 

 March, 1830, "That all salted beef and salted 

 pork, which shall be brought to New Orleans, in 

 casks, barrels, or half barrels, and intended for 

 sale therein, shall be subject to inspection," and 

 that if such salted beef or pork be sold or offered 

 for sale without inspection, the same will be liable 

 to forfeiture, and condemned to be sold in the 

 name of the Slate, by order of any court of com- 

 petent authority. 



