VOL.. XIII. NO. 39. 



AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 



229 



of the season, and every object, in its turn, claims 

 the whole energies of the operatives. We cannot 

 confine one set of hands to ploughing and sowing 

 throughout the year, and another to reaping and 

 gathering into our barns. Every branch of busi- 

 ness has its appropriate season. It must then be 

 done, or not at all. And much, very much of the 

 pleasure and comfort, as well as the success at- 

 tending the farmer's pursuits, depend on his bdirig 

 prepared to occupy each and every season of the 

 year with its peculiarly appropriate business — U[ion 

 his being ready, at all times, to drive liis work, 

 and not to suffer his own work to drive him. The 

 man, who suffers one department to fall behind its 

 season, and thus to encroach upon another, is in 

 danger of finding every thing jostled out of place. 

 He will be hurried and fretted in all his labors, 

 and will inevitably meet with loss and disappoint- 

 Juent. [To be continued. 



EXPERIMENTS PROPOSED. 



The following hints upon experiments in agri- 

 culture have been just received by the committee 

 [of the Saffron Walden Agricultural Society] and 

 jirinted, in the hope that as it is quite unnecessary, 

 in order to arrive at a practically useful result, 

 that any experiment should be tried iipou a large 

 scale, some of the members of the society may 

 turn their attention to the subjects. 



The celebrated De Candoll|^in his Vegetable 

 Physiology, has pointed outseWal ways in which 

 persons who are engaged in various scientific or 

 economic persuits may assist_jn perfecting the 

 general theory of vegetation. To eacli class lie 

 proposes a separate series of experiments to be 

 undertaken by them ; and, among other notices, 

 he lays down a few rules by which an agricuUnral 

 experimenter should direct his researches. We 

 would more particularly refer to the following: 



1. That a set of comparative experiments should 

 be instituted, in all cases where any positive re- 

 sult may be decided. For instance, if we wish to 

 know the effect wliich any particular treatment of 

 the soil will produce upon a certain crop, then we 

 should at the same time ascertain what is the ef- 

 fect of the soil under ordinary circumstances upon 

 a crop of the same kind. We should not be sat- 

 isfied with the results of a single experiment, but 

 should repeat it on different soils and in different 

 situations. 



2. No remarks that are made during the pro- 

 gress of an experiment should be trusted to the 

 memory, but should always be carefully and scru- 

 pulously recorded in writing. 



3. The experimenter should be careful to state 

 bis facts in such scientific or technical terms as 

 may generally be understood, or, if he uses mere- 

 ly local and popular language, he should so explain 

 himself as to bo clearly intelligible. 



Had attention been paid in these rules, the re- 

 sults of many important experiments would have 

 been available to science which are now no better 

 than lost labor. 



De Candolle has particularly alluded to the fol- 

 lowing experiments, among others, which may be 

 proposed to agriculturists as likely to aftbrd inter- 

 esting results : — 



1. To ascertain whether blue vitriol (sulphate 

 of copper) is serviceable in preventing the rust, 

 smut, and some other diseases in corn, which de- 

 pend upon the attacks of minute fungi. 



2. To ascertain the precise effects of g\|)sum or 

 plaster of Paris (sulphate of lime) in agricidture. 



[a] Whether it be equally eflicacious, calcined 

 or unburnt, in promoting the growth of green fo- 

 rage, as tares, peas, &c. [Leguinetwsft.] 



(6) Whether it be useful as a manure for any 

 other tribes of plants. 



(c) Whether its use hardens the seeds of the 

 Legumenosae so as to render them difficult to be 

 cooked. 



.3. To determine, by exact and varied experi- 

 ments, whether different kinds of corn intermixed 

 in the same field will yield a greater or less pro- 

 duce than when grown in separate fields. 



4. To prove by experiments on physiological 

 and chemical principles, (as laid down by De 

 Candolle,) what rotation of crops may be most 

 advantageously adopted on different soils, and 

 what soils, by a rotation of crops, will yield all 

 the advantages of which the alternate system is 

 capable. — British Fanner^s ■ Magazine. 



ARCHITECTURE. 



From the Ohio Fanner. 

 WHITE WASH. 



As the citizens of our village have, much to 

 their credit, turned their attention to painting and 

 white washing the outside of their buildings, we 

 insert the following in hopes something may be 

 drawn from it to their advantage on the score of 

 utility and economy. 



Incomhustible ff'ash and Stucco White Wash. — 

 The basis of both is lime, which must be first 

 slacked with hot water, in a small tub or piggin, 

 and covered, to keep in the steam ; it then should 

 be passed in a fluid form, through a fine sieve, to 

 obtain the flour of the lime. It must be put on 

 with a painter's brush — two coats are best for out- 

 side work. 



First, To make a fluid for the roof, and other 

 parts of wooden houses, to render them incondius- 

 tible, and coatings for brick, tile, stone work and 

 ough cast, to render them impervious to the wa- 

 ter, and give them a durable and handsome ap- 

 pearance. The proportions in each recipe are five 

 gallons. Slack your lime as before directed, say 

 six quarts, into which put one quart of clean rock 

 salt for each gallon of water to be entirely dissolv- 

 ed by boiling, and skimmed clean ; then add to 

 the five gallons one pound of alum, half a pound 

 of copperas, three-fourths of a pound of potash — 

 the last to be gradually added ; four quarts of fine 

 sand or hard wood ashes must also be added ; any 

 coloring matter may be mixed in such quantity as 

 to give it the requisite shade. It will look belter 

 than paint, and be as lasting as slate. It must be 

 put on hot. Old shingles must be first cleaned 

 %vith a stift' broom, when this may be applied. It 

 will stop the small leaks, prevent moss from grow- 

 ing, render them incombustible, and last many 

 years. 



Second, To make a brilliant Stucco White Wash 

 for buildings, inside and out. Take clean lumps 

 of well burnt stone lime ; slack the same as before ; 

 add one fourth of a pound of whiting or burnt 

 alum pulverized, one pound of loaf or other sugar, 

 three pints of rice flour made into a very thin and 

 well boiled paste, starch or jelly, and one pound 

 clean glue, dissolved in the same manner as cabi- 

 net makers do. This may be applied cold within 

 doors, but warm outside. It will be more brilliant 

 than plaster-of-paris, and retain its brilliancy for 

 many years, say from fifty to one hundred. Jt is 

 superior, nothing equal. The 'east end of the 

 President's house in Washington is washed with it. 



CHENAM. 



Our merchants are indebted to Captain Thomas 

 Bennett, of the New- York and Liverpool packet 

 line, for the introduction of this article into use 

 here. Chenam (the East India name), is made by 

 mixing slacked and pulverized lime with whale 

 oil to the consistency of mortar. It is se tena- 

 cious that it adheres immediately wherever applied, 

 and is entirely impervious to water, and becomes 

 perfectly hard in it. 



It is laid on ships' bottoms with trowels, some- 

 times imder the sheathing and sometimes between 

 the copper aud sheathing ; and, in some instances 

 in both places. The copper is init on while the 

 Chenam is soft, and adheres to it so completely 

 that no water passes between them ; and it is said 

 that copper in vessels which have a coat of Che- 

 nam wears nearly double the usual time. 



Whale oil is used here in making it, because it 

 fully answers the purpose, and is two-thirds 

 cheaper than vegetable oil — but vegetable oil makes 

 much the best Chenam, becoming after a short 

 time as liard as a stone. It is suggested that the 

 celebrated mortar of the ancients was made of 

 lime and vegetable oil. 



I understand that some experiments will be 

 made here on roofs and outsides of houses, with 

 Chenam, as it is believed it will effectually resist 

 the fogs and frosts of our climate, which the com- 

 mon rough casting does not. — JVexu Bedford Gaz. 



GUM ELASTIC. 



Mr. Geo. D. Cooper, of this city (N. York) has 

 obtained a patent for an entirely new and must 

 valuable application of the gum elastic, viz. to pre- 

 vent leaking in ships, damage to cargoes, and pre- 

 serving the timbers from rot, and also sheathing ( 

 for roofs of buildings. 



The places to which the gum elastic sheets or 

 cloths, saturated with gum elastic, are to he ap- 

 plied, are — 



1st. Between the inner part of the ribs and the 

 inner planking. 



2. Between the outward part of the ribs and 

 the outward planking. 



3. Between the outward planking and the cop- 

 per. 



4th. Between the deck beams and deck plank- 

 ing. 



By this application there will be a perfect un- 

 broken sheet of gum elastic from stem to stern, 

 aud all round the vessel, which must be impervi- 

 ous to water. 



Such an improvement is incalculably the best 

 protection against leakage or damage than any yet 

 discovered. For roofs of houses it is equally valu 

 able, to make them air and water tight. We trust 

 that the ships now on the stocks will make the 

 experiment before planking. — jV. Y. Star. 



Glass. French mirrors are said to be beyond 

 competition for cheapness and beauty ; but the 

 French crystal, though whiter, wants the softness 

 and unctuosity of the English, caused by less fre- 

 quent melting. 



Plated Ware. The French mode of working 

 [ilated ware is more simple than the English, but 

 the latter have the advantage in their milled cop- 

 per, costing less. The French need not fear the 

 English article, as the former consume only 20,000 

 lbs. per annum, and the latter 1,200,000 lbs. The 

 English stamp all their pieces, and the dies are 

 very expensive. The French chiefly turn. 



