NEW ENGLAND FA^Mfll 



SEPTEMBER la, 1*'38. 



^ 'Za.o Bank] duct for market, all those are useful, and properly speak- 



^ ^' , , 7;:.~:;;;or of l resource than in tl>eir own labor and enterprise, bank i„,provements on a farm, but which cannot 



RuBhton, Miadlesex Rival (fine) ^^"^^^ ,_, „, ,„ general too ^hort and -P"""- '° ';''4^;^ ,e ,a-<l alng productive in>provements. They »ve 



Europe, by Hovey & Co. ; Fowler s ^"<'«." J "-\? ^^_ ^^ convenient for farmers ; besides that banks "ever were „„„,.r otherwise be lost, or injured, or pensh; 



(very .^no form) from Col. Wilder, f-""- ' ^^ I' ,,, f„,„ers ; they are only for n.erchants and --^ ^^,^_^^ .^ ^^ ^^^^^,,„„ ,„ p„„, 

 Ll' IWecUon, Lady Ann Napolc^^^^^^^ 



li.val Yellow, Cleopatra, and Desdemona, trom ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^,^^_.^. ,„dustr>ous ccmmumtj ^ .^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ „^^ ^,^„g „,„,„„, 



able husbandry when his crops are lost or wasted for the 



Richard's proverb, that a penny saved is two pence earn- 



, - . ,. - ,, ,.., d „arn- 1 ed." A farmer may, as is often said, get along without 



Walker Winship,(very gamblers and speculators who live upon .a> ^^^^^ conveniences and facilities ; but it is miser- 



Bouquets-By Messrs W.Kenr.ck VVinsmp,(V ry g ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ circumstances the .^rmcr | _y _ ^ _ ^^^ ^^,_^^ ,_.^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ,^^^ „ „^j,d for the 



fine),lHoward, (extra fine), Mason and V\ alker. 1 mg 



For the Committee, 



S. WALKER, Chairman. 



AN© gardener's jour nal. 

 Boston, Wednesday, Septembee 12, 1838. 



ings of labor. „ „,.iri i auic ■■"=,— .--j 1 



finds his task difficult. An unfortunate Xf' °^ ;^"''" L^„„t ^f convenient store-houses and barns; when he 

 cious market gives him a severe check, and perhaps p | ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^.^^^^ ^^^^ ^,^,^^j^j^ products, because he 



, duces entire discouragement. All thoughts ol impr . ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ of securing them from the wet or the frost ; 

 „,cnt then are at an end. He drags along from > ear ^^^^^ ^^,^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^__^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^„, ^f 

 year continually embarrassed by a ^°l\ °^ '^''^\~\ rnod.om shelter; and when especially he is without 

 he can hardly stand under and which he cannot throw | _^ ^^^ „f.,„,,„in^ and manufacturing manure, that 



inecan naru.y ... - ^ . ,. ^,, . , ample means of securing and manufacturing manure, that 



off; until at last when he can get on no farther. In. n ort- ^J^^ ._^^ ^^^^„^ ^^^ essenUal basis of successful husbandry, 

 gage is foreclosed, his prenUses pass ""l^f/T- If m Improvements of this kind are to be considered as so 

 the auctioneer, and he is left again to shift for himsell, to | J-^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ _^^^.^^,_ ^ necessary as the store- 



1 much fixed and dead capital, as necessary as the store- 



find what employment he can or to subsist his family as ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^^^^ .nerchant, or the tools of the me- 



he may; or gathering the fragments of the wreck he I ^^^^.^^ ^^ ^1^^^^^,^.^^^^ ^_,jf,^^^^^,„(- the manufacturer. 



''"■ '■ r • ..Itnr-il exneri- leaves the home of his fathers to pitch his tent where ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^i,,^^j ^^ .,„ a..se matters is to 



We spoke in a preceding paper of agrcutura^p^^^^^^ ^.^^^^ ^.^ .^ ^,_^ ^^,„,,i,c and 1- "- I ^„./„.,„iplying these things beyond his necessities; 



ments. We mean now to say something "^ J '^'' ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^J^ ,f p„mise, and to encounter all the diffi- ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^,^ ^,^^^ ,„ ,„,j,c them as plain and as little 



improvements. In essays for a weekly journal it s plain w ^^^1^ ^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^_^^^.^^ ^ d ^_^^.^.^ ^^ ^^„^i^,^„t „i,h durability and their 



AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS 



No. L 

 We spoke in a preceding paper of _agricujtu^^e.pen 



n western land of promise, and to . 

 improvements. In essays lor a wecKiy jou...». .. .- r--" hardships of a new and untried country and 



Jt no subject can be treated but inaverypartiaman-^e^u^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ .^„^^^^^„, ,,^,,. 



ner. ^A" ^ve propose is to suggest hints, by which others | chmate. ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ f,,„aencv of these cases, we 



Hiayte excited to reflection and experiment; and h-om 

 which tlicy may gather some practical rules for the amend. 

 ment and advantage of their husbandry. We shall aim 

 merely to throw out some ore from, the quarry in its 

 crude state ; and leave to others to reduce and mould and 

 fashion, and use it as they will. 



Improvement implies making athin&better ; and there 

 is nothing which more concerns our farmers; there is 

 nothing in which they could more directly or more effec- 

 tually advance their own interest; and yet there is noth 



aduals among us. The frequency of these case we 

 •onfess, throws a damper upon our hopes of agricultural 

 improvement, unless some remedy or preventive can be 

 pointed out. Let us then go a little tarther into this 

 matter. 



Agricultural improvements may be properly divided 

 into three classes ; those which are mere embellishments ; 



expensive as possible consistent with durability and their 

 exact adaptation to the purposes designed. The mulu- 

 plication of conveniences beyond a certain point is often 

 itself a great inconvenience. A machine for example, 

 which performs a great many operations at the same 

 time, is of necessity complicated, requiring therefore a 

 much more careful superintendence in its management; 

 and being much more liable to get out of repair. Anoth- 

 er matter of importance is to avoid all needless expense 



;nt,>thrPP classes- those which are mere eniDeiiisnmeM.= , ^r matter ol imporia.ice ,= ... ...^ - . 



Cs which are necessary or useful but not immediately ,„ ,he construction of farming implements and buildings 

 tliose which are necessa y „oducllve. tu. fi.«t nhiect of everv farmer, who depends on his farn 



"odure" Id'ThoTr^hic'h'are directly productive. I T,.e first object of every farmer, who depends on his farn 



nothing in which tney couiu u.u,„ u........ - - , F ■■ j,^^^ ^^ hnprove the ex- f„ i,is subsistence should be utility. 1 he great point ■ 



tually advance their own interest; and yet there is noth- ^ th"- our'premises, paint, piazzas, colon- (.e aimed at in the construction o any andevery mac i 

 ing in which they are more deficient; there is nothing e-a appc J ,^,^^ and faced stone „,e„3il, building or fixture should be to ---P -'> ' 

 at which taken as a body, our farmer* labor so little. In I nade., blinds, _ ,| , ^__ ..,,,^,., „ ,^ ,^„„„,d. i„ „,o> 



saying this we mean to except those men of property. 

 who farm for their own pleasure ; and professional men. 

 tradesmen, mechanics, or manufacturers, who app.y some 

 portion of the proceeds of their profession, trade or busi- 

 ness to agricultural embellishment, and improvement.- 

 Wo speak of those, who .are exclusively farmers; and ot 

 this class within our observation and knowledge there 

 are certainly few, who make it a business to improve 

 their farms ; or who attempt and eflect important exten 

 sive, substantial, and permanent betterments ~"™ '- 

 UB inquire wliat improvements are dcsirablr 



ternil anncarance of our premises, paint, piazza., c........ heaimed at in me cuu..,...-...'.. -. -■ y 



lade blind olamental fences, pointed and faced stone „,e„3il, building or fixture should be to accomplish th 



1 • a 1 witrn doors likewise that is mere matter of ^^jects and purposes for which it is designed. In moi 



walls all withm doo s and LI. laste and fancy may be consulted in consistenc 



11,. „11 within doors ikewise that is mere luai.c, „. objects ana purposes i.ji «u..,.. .. .- o- - 



rnbdlislrr^ r uxury, papered walls, carpets, audi les taste and fancy may be consulted in consistenc 

 tsatnoik wise .ravel walks, and arbors, and sum- Liu. cheapness and utility; but where they interfe. 

 ' bles a idTnainental shade trees; and also all Luh each other, every thing should be sacrificed to th 

 "' " veh cles and quipments, all chaises, and pleas- e, objects of the work. Shall a farmer tor examp 



::r;Tn^ P^^^^^^^^^^ I„genera,wehavenodoubtn.niatt, 



^^i^fvin.. to the taste and pride, and very rcasona- of sound economy. The next question is, of w hat col 

 very gratifying to the an p , j _^^^^ ^^^.^^ furnishes tl 



ble'fuxurics and indulgences in smne circumstances, can 



t exten- I not be brought into the class of productive Improvements ; 



Now Tet and should not be thought of by the farmer or the far- 



haTcan Ue- wife, -ho are in debt to the smallest amount, 



us inquire wliat improvements are desirable ; what can , ^^^^^^ resources than in their own 



be done, .and then what are the alleged reasons, andwhat '^^J^^u^-M^^ ^^^ ,e,,,e labor. Vet expenses like 

 the true reasons, why these improvements are not made nd str^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^_^^ ^^,^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ 

 We write for common farmers in this case who dep nd ti, -^ ^^^^^ ^^.^^ ^,^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ „^^^i„g ■^. 



on their farms for their own and the subsistence ot th fann an ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ .^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ 



families; -d our object is to inqu^ewa^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ _^^^,^^ ^„^^,. „^^. 



can they make, lor which e fiir ^^^ ^^ J^^^ „^^,^_^ and useful. The farm must in the 



f too high a -'- "P°^"J^; ;;: " , ,0 trade 'u'pon, first place be well divided and fenced. This is necessary 

 by persons who have "^"^'^^^^''P ,___.,.,,,; J^,,^,, I in order to the safe keeping of the live stock ; and to th 



protection of the crops. The division of a farm into en- 

 closures of a proper size renders the cultivation more 



where there is not a moral certainty of remuneration and 



profit. . . 



The condition of most of our farmers is in many re 



shall it be ? Whhe is the most neat ; white furnishes tl 

 most agreeable contrast with green. But white is lea 

 durable ; white is most liable to be defaced ; white do 

 not contrast in general very agreeably with the manu 

 heaps usually in its vicinity. Red lead or yellow och 

 are much cheaper, more lasting, and not so easily d 

 faced. So likewise in regard to implements. A tarm 

 can alwajs afford to pay liberally for good materials a 

 careful and faitliful workmanship ; but he can afford 

 pay nothing for any ornamental apparatus. It is but • 

 eently that we saw two very fine ploughs brought n 

 competition. The c.mstruction of each was excelle 

 In point of strength of workmanship, and durability, a 

 ea/c of handling, and power required for draft, there p 

 haps could be no choice between them ; or if any, 





means- often with no means; or with the small earn 

 in-n, of two or three years' labor at service. Tlicy pur 

 cirasc farms and at once involve themselves in debt. Th 

 first purchase usually absorbs all their lo-se capital; they 

 sock to get along solely by their own labor, hiring - 



easy , ucimn-o ■ c- - 



crops; ajvd the appropriation to dillerent objects, as it 

 I may be necessary, the different portions of the farm.- 



„,ay be necessary, the different portions o. the .arm - scve difference of ten dollars and tw 



Then likewise by poor or insufficient fences "ops - -ts and ^^^ ^^^ ^__^^^^^^^^^ ^^ 



oftentimes seriously injured or destroyed ; q"-^«l^'":<i ^yfi^^ Jflt/l,;^,, ,vm. and beauty of workmane 



iible. 



extraordinary polish, skill, and beauty of workmane 

 solely by their own labor, luring as i neari-um.u..63u..... -, „ " c-ntle are destroyed. I bestowed upon one of them, without a single pract 



himself, if he is dependent upon his farm for his supp 



if I p is in debt to the amount of a single dollar bey 



hat he has the means of paying at once ; or if I 



itbout ample means of indulging his taste and fane 



little as |ioso --» 



slow They find it pel haps at first difficult to pay pu 

 tnally the interest upon their debt. Too often they hav 

 not tlie courage, and perhaps more often, if they had the 



I heart-burnings and law-suits are engendered among neigh- 

 1 morals of your cattle are destroyed. 

 The preparing also of cellars for receiving your crops, of 



1 vaults under your stables for the manufacture and pres- 

 ervation of your manure ; and also the building of con- 



often, if they had the crvauo . oi y^'—--^^^ ^^^ ,,^„,^ f,,, ,he storage of 

 courage, they" would not have the power or opportunity venient «ty«^. .' ■ „f cattle ; and the 



;bor'rowmoncy. Individuals, who are capitalists, think | your prodi.e^andt^^^ 



to borrow money. Individuals, who are capitalists, thinK yi"^^'^-- J^j labor-saving machines and im- without amp 



