m 



122 



business, could have an interest in multiplying 

 names, because they may have " trees to sell, as 

 none who raise trees for sale, would be likely to 

 recommend a new kind of fruit which has not been 

 satisfactorily proved with us, however highly recoiu- 

 mended, except onhj to amateurs and for trial ; it is 

 in this way most of our new and finest varieties 

 have been introduced and become known ; and I 

 doubt much whether twenty trees of the true Beurre 

 Capiaumont have ever been recommended or sold 

 in New England, and those only to amateurs and 

 for trial; while thousands of the Wurtemberg 

 have under another name been highly recommended 



and sold. uv i . 



Every friend of horticulture must be obliged to 

 Mr Lowell, for his friendly remarks, ««hich having 

 a tendency to elicit discussion have also an equal 

 tendency to elicit the truth, in relation to the no- 

 menclature of our fruits, and sh»iild error in any 

 case be discovered, it is believed that to avoid con- 

 fusion, it will be best rectified by a speedy resump- 

 tion of the true orignial names; in the present 

 case Jhere seems to be no alternative, unless we 

 givel new name to the fruit last received, which 

 would only create farther confusion, and which we 

 believe legitimately entitled to the name it now 



^^^''^' WILLIAM KENRICK, 



.\-oifantum Hill, Xeu-lon, Oct. 19, 1S38. 



W ENGLAND FARMER, 



OCTOBER !4*, l>-38. 



Frnin the Franklin Farmc 



CHARCOAL FOR DISEASED LUNGS IN 

 HOGS. 



Mr Editor,— As the rearing and fattening of 

 hogs has become a b.isiness of great importance to 

 the west, and especially to our own corn -growing 

 state -, and as new and terrible diseases have made 

 their appearance within the last few years, among 

 that class of our domestic animals, I, as a common 

 sufferer with my brother farmers, have been trying 

 to ascertain the cause of, and remedy fot the one 

 which I have sufi^ered the most by, and which 1 

 shall call your attention more particularly to. It 

 is admitted I believe by pathologists, that diseases 

 may, and do change their type in the same latitude, 

 and become more and more malignant as the popu- 

 lation becomes more dense and tiie country becomes 

 older • thus our own intermittent has degenerated 

 into the more deadly typhus fever ; thus that which 

 we once called quinsy or swelling of the throat 

 in swine, has now assumed a more malignant type, 

 and requires a difl^erent treatment; the cause is, 

 the same, but the effect is not always instantaneous | 

 or accompanied by the same symptoms or results, 

 I think it may be safely assumed that most of the 

 diseases, if not all, that hogs are liable to are pro- 

 duced by sudden transitions from heat to cold ; and 

 as they do not, like most other animals, perspire 

 throuo-h the pores of the skin over the whole sur- 

 face of the body, but through small orifices on the 

 legs and throat, which are constantly liable to ob- 

 struction, and especially in the winter season, when 

 the animals in large numbers bed together, produ- 

 cing freat heat and free perspiration for a short 

 time, but from the restiveness of their nature they 

 are often changing the position first assumed, all 

 tendiuT to clot the mediums of respiration and thus 

 lav the foundation of disease and death by alter- 

 natinrr between heat and cold through the winter. 

 Ordinarily the weak of the herd are the first to die. 

 This may be chargable to their inability to change 

 positions, subjecting them to the crushing weight 



of the whole number in the bed ; or their long sub- 

 jection to the great heat engendered by the com- 

 mon mass, until they are called to partake of the 

 morning food. This, as we have stated, formerly 

 produced enlargement of the glands of the animal's 

 neck, which often ended in inflammation and death. 

 Now, the same cause produces a very different 

 effect, and although it is still strangulation, yet the 

 inflammation falls with its whole weight upon the 

 lungs, and if both tubes of the organ afe affected, 

 death instantly ensues ; if only one, the animal 

 may live a long time, but never recovers unless the 

 remedy that I shall presently suggest, or one equal- 

 ly potent, be applied. The symptoms where the 

 attack is violent, are a seeming sense of suffoca- 

 tion, great indisposition to move, a crimson color, 

 approaching to purple, all over the body, and if 

 forced to move a few paces, the animal will pant 

 as if worried by dogs in hot weather. If tlie at- 

 tack is less violent they will take much more exer- 

 cise with seemingly less pain, will throb in the 

 flanks in much the same way that a horse will 

 when exhausted by fatigue and hard usage, are 

 generally inattentive to their company, are inclined 

 to eat earth rather than their accustomed food ; 

 such generally live a long time but never recover. 

 I proceed to point out tlic way to prevent the dis- 

 ease and to cure if taken in time. Do not suffer 

 your hogs to herd together in large lots in cold 

 weather; never suffer them to sleep in hollow 

 trees; if you have sheds for them to sleep under, 

 let them be set so low that they cannot in great 

 numbers heap together; in dry hard freezing wea- 

 ther let them have some succulent food, such as 

 apples, potatoes or turnips, but especially let them 

 have plenty of salt and charcoal ; this last is a 

 cure for the disease above described if administer- 

 ed before they entirely refuse to eat It is known 

 to almost every one, that charcoal is a powerful 

 antiseptic and absorbent, and that hogs will search 

 for and eat it with eagerness, and especially in 

 banks of leached ashes, and so they will unassoci- 

 ated with ashes, if at first you will break it up into 

 small lumps and pour a little salt and water over 

 it I have tried the various means in common use, 

 such as tar, antinwmy, sulphur, &c , and never had 

 one to recover its health until I tried the charcoal, 

 andl have every confidence that it will succeed 

 with others as it has with me, and if it does, I shall 

 be well paid for this communication, feeling as I 

 do, that no iuau ought to live for himself alone. 



W. 



The returns in rent are very moderate, surely, 

 as above ; but the gross returns ought to be very 

 considerable, — three times the rent of lands in 

 cultivation being thought by no means excessive 

 to cover the whole outlay, risk and interest with 

 moderate profits ; and twice the rent of lands in 

 pasturage, all as the gross returns of tlie land. 

 Now, as the prices of these times can hardly be 

 calculated above 41. for the returns per English 

 acre, or 5/. per Scottish acre under (^j^s, 'and the 

 lands in crop are not above two^fthsWthe whole 

 fields, or cultivated lands, the other three-fifths be- 

 ing in grass, 



04,000 acres in white and green crops, 

 at 41. per acre, would give as the to- 

 tal of crops yearly, £250,000 

 And cattle, having for some time returned 

 little for the mere grass, and being 

 also rather fewer in number than in 

 1812 though better grazed, the grass 

 returns, of 30,000, at 11. 10s. each, 



45,00( 

 Sheep are fully as numerous as in 1812, 

 having partly the lower pastures now 

 and tho returns for two or three years 

 have been improved, but still the mere 

 pasturage returns of 200,000 sheep, at 

 7s. Orf. each, would e.xceed the average 

 beyond three years, and are, '5,00 



Pigs return little for mere grazing, cer- 

 tainly not above 1/. for each, which for 

 30,000 pigs would be, 30,0C 



The breediug of liorses is chiefly' to keep 

 up the stock ; and for poultry, hees, &c. 

 the returns are small ; but it may be 

 only fair to state the whole at a sum 

 equal to the gross returns from pigs 

 being '^O'O^ 



And the total returns from crops and 



pasturage would thus be, £430,0t 



A sum fully high stated, as is believed, on reviei 

 ing it ; and these returns are becoming less ai 

 less yearly, instead of increasing, as they ought 

 do, so as to encourage improvement in arable lar 



Dr Si/iger, in the Xcu- Statistical .Iccount 



Scotland. 



AGRICULTURE OF DUMFRIES-SHIRE. 



The ao-riculture of Dumfries-shire may be con- 

 sidered a°s a natimml object. The lands which are 

 devoted to farming, and whose rental is about 200,- 

 000^, at twentyfive years' purchase, are worth five 

 millions sterling ; and the buildings have cost the 

 land proprietors at two and a half years' rents, 

 another half million. The farmers do not find it 

 safe to enter on leases with less than about 51. of 

 capital and credit per arable acre in course of cul- 

 tivation, which for 100,000 acres in the rotation 

 fields, added to 10s. per acre for nearly three times 

 as great an extent not in cultivation, would indicate 

 in all a farming capital of about one million ster- 

 4inn- for the whole of Dumfries-shire, the property 

 of Uie farmers themselves. Let this be added to 

 the value of the lands and farm buildings, and it 

 would seem that about six millions and a half ster 

 \m<T are embarked in the farming of this county. 



CATTLE SHOW AND FAIR. 

 On Wednesday and Thursday the third a 

 fourth davs of October, instant, the Berkshire A 

 ricultural" Society held its twentyeighlh anmvers; 

 at Pittsfield. The rain which continued until 

 o'clock in the morning of the first day, was 1 

 only unpleasant circumstance attending tlie Fa 

 and this did not prevent the usual collection of i 

 imals, even from some of the most distant tot 

 in the county. The field appropriated to the 

 hibition of cattle, sheep and swine, was the pi 

 cipal place of concourse ; and it was here that 

 good effects of this society were made again af 

 former years, strikingly apparent. The exhibit 

 of working cattle, particularly four year old o; 

 and Uiree year old steers, has never been equal 

 before, cither in number or quality. Indeed of 

 neat catlle generally, we have never seen so gi 

 a variety together before. Besides native brc( 

 there were the Durham, the Devonshire and 

 Ayrshire; with a variety of crosses. The Comt 

 tees were engaged most industriously during 

 afternoon in viewing and comparing the animi 

 and in the evening in preparing their repc 



