40 



xj x'H vj ±j xi. xy xy 



XX XV IVX J_J XV 9 



AUGUST 14, 1839, 



its greater affinity for carbonic acid. 4th. In bar- | 

 ren magnesian lands, it is not to the magnesia that ! 

 the sterility must be attributed, but to the cohesive 

 state of their parts, to tlie want of manure, of j 

 clay, or of other composts, to ths large quantity 

 of oxide of iron, &c. 5th. Birren magnesian soils 

 may be rendered fertile by nie'ns of calcariferous 

 substances, as rubbish, chalk, ashes, marl, &,c., 

 provided the other conditions be fulfilled. — Jour, 

 de Pharmacie de Janvier, 1839. 



[For the New England Farmer. ) i 



TO THOSE i:<TERESTED IN THE INTRODUCTION OF 

 BEET SUGAR IN THIS COUNTHV. | 



The subscriber proposes to persons wishing to 

 become acquainted with the manufacture of Beet 

 Sugar, and having a few tons of beets for that ' 

 purpose, to go on their premises with suitable ap- ' 

 paratus and manufacture the sugar, without put- I 

 ting them to any hazardous expense for tools, pa- 

 tents or machinery, provided, however, a reasona- j 

 ble compensation previously agreed upon should be | 

 made; in consideration of which persons so disposed 

 would become perfectly acquainted with two of 

 the best processes. The subscriber would howev- 

 er observe, that, profitable as the beet sugar is, or 

 may become, he most invariably has obtained but 

 6 lbs. of sugar for 112 lbs. cleansed beet, and .'J lbs. 

 of molasses for 113 lbs., instead of the 9 per 

 cent, of refined sugar promised in printed reports. 

 Whether this is owing to the quality of the beets 

 or other causes, is unknown to him ; but the sim- 

 ilarity of produce from different lots of beets and 

 at different times, convince him that it would not 

 be prudent to calculate on more. Early applica- 

 tion is requested, in order to accommodate all in 

 proper season. 



N. B. It would be preferable when convenient, 

 if several persons would unite and have their beet 

 manufactured in the same location, as it would 

 save time and expense in moving. 



M. DUROY. 



Samples of different quality may be seen at the 

 store of the subscriber, 310 \V'ashington street. 



[Remarks. — We have called upon Mr Duroy, 

 and examined his specimens of Beet Sugar. He 

 showed us six samples of different qualities ; he 

 appears to understand himself in relation to the 

 manufacture of the sugar. Although he does not 

 make pretensions to obtaining so great a quantity 

 from the hundred lbs. as Mr Fleichman's report 

 states, yet we believe if any gentlemen are dis- 

 posed to make trial of his skill, they will be pleased 

 with the result of his experiments, and form some 

 estimate as to the probable success of this enter- 

 prise. From what we were told, it appears that 

 every farmer will be enableil after witnessing the 

 process, to manufacture his own sugar, and that 

 too, without any very great expense for utensils or 

 machinery. Should there be a small quantity of 

 saccharine matter remain in the pulp, it should be 

 remembered that it will not be entirely lost, as it 

 will be so much more valuable for feeding stock. 

 Mr Duroy has manufactured the sugar from dried 

 beets, from beets newly dug in the fall, and from 

 beets beginning to grow in the spring, and is of 

 opinion that where a few tons only are to be man- 

 ufactured, it is much the best to use them in the 

 fall as they are taken from the field. The sample 

 of sugar we examined, made from the dried root, 

 was very dark, in consequence as we were in- 



formed, of too great a heat being used in drying 

 it. The specimen of crystallized sugar shown us 

 was very beautiful. Mr Duroy is a native of 

 France, but has been a resident here a number of 

 years. Those who wish to obtain further infor- 

 mation, will find him intelligent and disposed to 

 communicate. 



We hope the manufacture of sunar beet will not 

 remain a subject to talk about and speculate upon 

 merely, but one of immediate action. Let it be 

 known, if possible, this fall, whether it can or can- 

 not bo dnni' to advantage in our country. We 

 know there are beets enough raised this year to 

 make the trial — and if it cannot be made at the 

 first onset a source of profit, (which no one ought 

 to expect,) some estimate can be made of its fu- 

 ture success. J. B.l 



From the Genesee Farmer. 



DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN AGRI- 

 CULTURE, 

 .4rai in the Sciences most intimatehi connected with 

 its advancement. 

 (Continued.) 



Cambium. — When the sap from the roots of 

 trees has ascended to the branches, and undergone 

 that peculiar elaboration which fits it for the for- 

 mation of the various parts of the plant, fruit, 

 wood, bark, &c., it descends towards the roots, de- 

 positing in its progress the materials destined to 

 the several parts. Of these, the principal is the 

 substance of the future alburnum and liber. These 

 materials are first deposited in the form of a layer 

 of glutinous or gummy substance, termed the 

 Cambium ; which appears to consist of the solid 

 portion of the sap, deprived of the greater part of 

 the water. This becomes more and more consoli- 

 dated, and becomes an integrant part of the plant, 

 constituting two layers; the first, the outer circle 

 of wood, called the alburnum ; and the other, the 

 inner layer of the bark, being the liber. 



Carbon. — The base of coal. It is found pure 

 only in the diamond. Though this fact was sus- 

 pected by Newton, it was not established till La- 

 voisier effected the combustion of the diamond en- 

 closed in iron. As the diamond disappeared, and 

 the iron was converted into steel, (a well known 

 result of the combination of carbon and iron,) the 

 inference was clear that the precious stone was 

 pure carbon, and farther experiments have demon- 

 strated its truth. Carbon forms the base of all 

 wood, and consequently of all trees and plants ; 

 and is, therefore, one of the most important princi- 

 ples in nature. Plants, however, never take up the 

 minutest quantity of carbon while in that state, 

 however fine it may be reduced. By a wise pro- 

 vision of Providence, an inexhaustible reservoir of 

 carbonic gas (carbon converted into air) is found 

 in the atmosphere, which readily combines with 

 water, and in that state is taken up by the roots 

 for the support of the plant. The leaves cf trees 

 also perform a species of respiration by which 

 carbonic gas is taken into the plant during one 

 half of the day, to be decomposed by the solar rays, 

 and wliile the carbon is retained, the oxygen is set 

 free and thrown oft' by the plant to renovate and 

 purify the air. Corbonic gas is composed of 27.4 

 parts of carbon, and 72.6 parts of oxygen. Car- 

 bonic gas is fatal to animal life, and to this gas, 

 the deleterious effects of the Grotto del Cano, the 

 Valley of the Upas, the craters of volcanoes in 



some cases, what is called . the choke damp 

 mines and wells, &c. are owing. No part < 

 plant has the power of decomposing this gas, 

 cept those that are green ; hence plants pre 

 turely stripped of their leaves, are at once depr 

 of their greatest means of procuring carbon, 

 must suffer accordingly. 



Carrot. — (Daiicus carota.) Few plants exl 

 the improving effects of cultivation more stroi 

 than the carrot. In its native staff, it is sr 

 dry, fibrous, white and strong flavored ; as cult 

 ted, it becomes large, succulent, and rich in ci 

 and nutritive proportions. Carrots contain al 

 ten per cent, of nutritive matter, of which nin 

 sugar and the remainder starch. Many after 

 have been made to make sugar from carrots, 

 they have failed ; while by distillation large qi 

 titles of spirits are produced. Twenty tons 1 

 yielded 240 gallons. Carrots require a rich 

 soil, and on any others their growth should no 

 attempted. They succeed best in rows, 18 in( 

 apart, and 8 inches in the rows. In a sha 

 soil, or one rich only on the surface, the roots 

 be scragged, and of an inferior quality. Five 1 

 drrd bushels may be considered the average y 

 per acre on a good soil, though instances have 

 curred of yields of eleven or twelve hundred bi 

 els on that quantity of ground. Few roots ar 

 equal .value to the carrot for feeding animals, 

 most all are fond of them, and their excelle 

 cannot be disputed. They make the finest coh 

 and best flavored butter or beef; horses th 

 rapidly on them, and hogs can be fattened 

 them with ease. The carrot crop is not quit 

 certain a one as the potato or turnip crop, is r 

 er more difficult in the choice of soils, and ii 

 care and labor in the production is required ; 

 still it is one of great value, and where circ 

 stances do not forbid, should always find a p 

 among the roots grown, and rotation adopted 

 the farmer. 



Cart. — Fifly years since, the use of the wa 

 for farming purposes was almost unknown, 

 reliance was on the cart and oxen, instead of 

 wagon and horses. As the latter increased, 

 former gave way ; and now, the use of the ca 

 mostly confined to farms on which cattle alone 

 used, and to some particular sections of coui 

 It is a question, however, which deserves ser 

 consideration by farmers, whether more has nol 

 the whole been lost, than has been gained by 

 change. On grain growing farms, where m 

 ploughing is to be performed, horses are indis| 

 sable, and the wagon of course may well be 

 ferred ; but there are tens of thousands of si 

 farmers in our country, tliat, we think, would gr 

 ly consult their convenience and profit, by disc 

 ing their wagon and its attendant span or tWi 

 lean horses, and substituting in their place, foi 

 bor, the old fashioned and less costly cart, ai 

 yoke or two of clean built, light travelling Devi 

 or other good working cattle. 



Catarrh. — A disease of horses known ui 

 the names of influenza, cold, horse diatemper, I 

 and is one of the most common and disagrees 

 to which this useful animal is subject. It is 

 usually fatal, or long continued, unless the ani 

 is injudiciously treated, improperly worked wl 

 under the influence of the disease, or dosed ' 

 injurious remedies. It makes it attack usuallj 

 the spring or fall, commencing with fever, folio 

 by discharges of matter from the nose, swelling 

 the glands of the throat, difficulty of eating 



