VOL,. XVIII. xo. o. 



AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 



47 



ikiiirr, iiiicl of coui-se nnicli ciinciation and 

 ikncss. lUeeding is udiiiissiblo only during 

 fever stage ; setons in the glands, or blisters 

 m nnicli swelled ; promoting discharges from 

 nose, and keeping the bowels open, liave been 

 id the most efloctvial methods of arresting the 



next to skilful breedin, 

 is mainly depending. 



Cki.i..-vu. — All importiint appendage to every 

 dwelling is the cellar, and great care should be 

 taken to have this so arranged that the full benefit 

 lesircd from it may be obtained. The eel! 



•lise. The distemper is clearly contagious, and I should be well walled with stone or brick laid ,„ 

 cted animals should be kept from those that j cement; if inclining to he wet, it should be drain- 



sound as far as practicable. 

 Iastratio.n. — The emasculation of animals, 

 es, pigs, lambs, &c., should be performed as 

 Y as the strength of the animal, and other cir- 

 stances, will admit. Usually, the only care 

 ?ssary is to prevent e.xposure to the cold, 

 ere this is not attended to, serious consequen- 



inay result ; and wo have known Hocks of 

 )s decimated by exposure to a cold riin, im- 

 iately after this operation. 



ATTi.E : a general name comprehending all the 

 lals in the genus Bos of Linnaius. There are 

 aursc a number of species, such as hos tanrus 

 •.onimon ox ; hos cnfftr, the wild ox of Africa ; 

 irus, the wild bull of Asia ; hos americaiia, the 

 lie or bison of the Missouri ; and the true 

 .lo of India, and the musk ox of the Arctic re- 

 3. Much labor has been expended in tracino- 

 irigin of our domestic races of cattle to the 

 ;, but we think with little success. As the 

 est mention made in history of the ox, he was 

 the sheep, a domesticated animal, and such he 

 ibly descended from tiie ark upon the plains 

 Mesopotamia. Domestic cattle become wild 

 readiness, as the immense herds that roam 

 pampas of South America at the present time 



prove. Very great improvements have been 

 i in the European breeds of cattle within a 

 /ears, principally in England, and that by a 

 ipirited individuals, of whom Bakewoll, Col- 



and Berry, rank among the first. Within 

 years, the average weight of English cattle, 

 Jtermined at the Smithfield market, h.ig risen 

 bird ; and present appearances do not indi- 

 tliat this increase has reached its maximum. 



great improvements already effected, have 



made by judicious crosses, and breeding with 

 eiice to certain desirable qualities of form, 

 milk, aptitude to fatten, &c., and these ob- 



have been attained in some of the best mod- 

 ireeds of cattle to an extent that would once 

 been deemed impossible. It is evident that 

 must be taken, ov there will exist a tendency 

 trogiade to the original standard; a tendency 

 li will become less and less, as tlie type and 

 ;itulion of the improved breeds recede farther 



tllP I.. lint- M' tl.r-lr nilrrl,-, o r, rl „f „ „„ 1... 



ed so as to present a hard, smooth surface earth, 

 and this will be better if covered with clean grav- 

 el. Cellars should wholly exclude frost without 

 being too warm, as fruit and vegetables kept in a 

 warm cellar will not be as good as in one of an 

 equally drj- but lower temperature. Since the 

 commencement of the cultivation of roots in this 

 Country to a considerable extent, and especially 

 since the making of pork from steamed apples ;ind 

 potatoes has succeeded so well, cellars attached 

 to barns or piggeries have become necessary, and 

 are already constructed in many cases. Cellars 

 of this kind for the reception of roots, should be 

 made so that cart or wagon loads of fruit or roots 

 can be thrown into them at once, without the labor 

 of repeated handling. 



Chalk. — Compact limestone, or carbonate of 

 lime, passes into chalk, when the particles that 

 compose the mass are so loosely connected as to 

 render it friable or capable of easy division ; in its 

 essential qualities it does not differ materially from 

 uiiburnt lime. Chalk is extensively used instead 

 of lime for agricultural purposes in many parts of 

 England where it abounds. In the United States 

 there is no chalk, properly so called. The im- 

 mense beds of white marl, found in some parts of 

 Western New York, are a near approach to it, and 

 the value of such beds as a resource for easy li- 

 ming soils, will be better appreciated hereafter 

 than it now seems to be. 



CHAFi'-cnTTEi;. — In European works on agri- 

 culture, strav.' or hay when cut fine for cattle or 

 horses, and the practice is extensively followed, is 

 called chalT, and the implements by which the cut- 

 ting is effected is termed a chaff-cutter. In this 

 country, the same implement would be a ' ilraw-cnl- 

 ter,'' which see. 



Charcoal. — The woody part of trees or vege- 

 tables, when burned without flame, becomes" a 

 black substance, which has received this name. 

 Tlie base of this substance is carbon, which is 

 formed from the decomposition of carbonic gas by 

 the roots or leaves of the plant. To produce 

 charcoal, the wood is usually burned in pits, or the 

 wood is first closely piled, and then covered v.dth 

 earth, which causes the wood when the fire is ap- 



tlio excellence of cattle or the addition of acids of any kind, will convert 

 milk into curd, but the substance used in the 

 I dairy, and which is preferred to all others, is a de- 

 coction of the stomach of the calf called rennet. 

 This stomach is prepared by drying with spices 

 and aromatic herbs, and when wanted, is steeped 

 in water or whey, until sufficiently strong to coag- 

 ulate the milk with readiness. Great care is neces- 

 sary in preparing and preserving the rennet, as on 

 the quality of this, its sweetness, purity, and flavor, 

 much of the goodness of the cheese is depending. 

 Many varieties of cheese have obtained great ce- 

 lebrity, viz, Parmesan, Stilton, Gloucester, Ches- 

 hire, &c., in Europe, and the Goshen, Orange, &c. 

 in the U. States. The different qualities depend 

 on the milk, and the different processes adopted in 

 making the cheese. The best cheeses always i-e- 

 tain the cream in the curd ; those made from milk 

 deprived of the cream is called skim-milk cheese. 

 Cheeses made of goats milk are richer than those 

 made of cows milk, but it is with difficulty they 

 are kept for any time. 



The celebrated French cheese called Rochefort 

 cheese, is made of a mixture of goat's milk and 

 cow's milk, and its peculiar excellence is supposed 

 in part, to be owing to the temperature of the rooms 

 in which it is prepareil, which being e.xcavated in 

 rock, are always of the temperature of 36° to 40°. 

 Formerly those dairies that made the rich or cream 

 cheeses, such as the double Gloucester, Stilton, &c. 

 were obliged to make them small, and the dairies 

 of this country that imitated such cheese were com- 

 pelled to do the .same, as their rich and tender mags 

 would fall to pieces of itself if made of larg« sizes. 

 Now the richest cream, or double cheeses are made 

 without difficulty, and of any desirable size, as the 

 curd is pressed and kejit in bandages made of ihin 

 cotton until ripened and used. The dairy business 

 when well conducted, is a source of great profit, 

 and the American dairies in some parts of the 

 States are exceeded by few in the world for the 

 quantity and quality of their products ; a decided 

 improvement having taken place within a few years. 

 Chemistry. — A science which teaches the rela- 

 tion which matter bears to other matter, and the 

 manner in which the laws of affinity, vitality and 

 organization, perform their several functions. Ag- 

 ricultural chemistry is limited to a knowledge of 

 the substances which enter into animals and vege- 

 tables, to serve them for nourishment; and to the 

 study of all the agents which aid them in accom- 

 plishing these functions. Agricultural chemistry 

 first assumed a definite form under the labors of 

 Davv and Chaptal, and thousrh but a comnaratiuplv 



