MARCUNELLA. 13 



JOHN H. REDFIELD. Catalogue and synonymy of Marginellidre. 

 American Journal of Conchology, vi, 1870. The species are 

 alphabetically arranged, with the synonymy and bibliography 

 fully indicated. 211 valid species are enumerated. This may 

 be considered the first catalogue constructed from the modern 

 scientific standpoint. It is prepared with evident care and 

 thoroughness, and is the result of many years' study of these 

 interesting shells. The two monographies which have since 

 appeared, were both written in ignorance of Mr. Redfield's 

 labors ; a circumstance which has greatly impaired their value, 

 besides causing some additional synonyms. 



JOUSSEAUME. Monograph ; in Guerin's Revue et Magasin de 

 Zoologie, 1875. '269 species are shortly characterized and 

 arranged under subgenera. There are no illustrations, except 

 of new species. 



H. C. WEINKAUFF. In the Systematisches Conchilien-Cabinet 

 of Kiister, 1878. 229 species are described and carefully 

 figured ; many of the species described as new by Dr. Jous- 

 seaume being relegated to the synonymy. 



The present monograph admits as valid 230 recent species, 

 some of which, however, being unfigured, cannot be satisfactorily 

 determined. So far as localities are known, they have the fol- 

 lowing distribution : 



Caribbean, 60 species; Mediterranean, 5 ; West African, 45 

 South African, 11; Indo-Pacific, 38; Australo-Zealandic, 34; 

 Polynesian, 10; Californian and P^inamic, 14. 



Systematists commenced at an early date to divide up the 

 Marginellas into genera and subgenera. Lamarck, in 1801, 

 established Volvaria for a fossil species of cylindrical form, with 

 sharp outer lip ; subsequently, he included recent species of 

 similar form, but in which the outer lip is slightly thickened. 

 For these, Schumacher, in 1817, proposed Hyalina. Finally 

 H. and A. Adams adopt Volvaria as a generic term, including 

 one recent species, V.pa.llida, and for the cylindrical Marginellas 

 with thickened lip they use the subgeneric name Volvarina, 

 Hinds. 



Besides Hyalina, Schumacher separated under the name of 



