54 



OF WOOD IN GENERAL. 



Vessels in summer wood in peripheral lines. 

 White and Green Ash, F. americdna and 

 F. viridis. 



Vessels in summer wood not united in peri- 

 pheral lines. English, Black and Red Ash, F. 

 excelsior (Fig. S\\ F. sambuci/olia, F. pubescens. 

 (b) Heartwood yellow, very heavy and very 



hard. Osage Orange, Madura. 

 Wood light and soft : vessels in summer wood in 

 groups of 10 30. Catdlpa. 



FIG. 31. Transverse section of Common Ash (Fruxinus excelsior), photo- 

 graphed from nature. 



|| Pith-rays very fine, but distinct: heartwood red- 

 dish brown : sapwood yellowish white : vessels 

 in summer wood single or in short lines : odour. 

 Sassafras. 

 Jtt Pith-rays fine, but distinct. 



Very heavy and hard : heartwood dark yellowish 

 brown : sapwood yellow : vessels 1 10 to- 

 gether, filled, so appearing as yellow dots. 

 Black Locust, RoUnia. 

 Heavy : moderately hard or hard. 



(a) Vessels in summer wood very minute, usually 

 in small clusters of 1 8, open : heartwood 

 yellow to light orange-brown, reddening on 



