CLASSIFICATION OF HARD- WOODS. 61 



browner: vessels 1 8 together: hard: pith very 

 large. Elder, Sambucus. 

 (ii) Pith-rays not at all, or scarcely visible. 



* Heartwood orange-red : sapwood yellow : vessels 



about 50 together in branching flame-like groups : 

 hard, heavy. Buckthorn, Rhdmnus cathdrticus 

 (Fig. 28). ' 



** Similarly coloured; but vessels 1 7 together, not in 

 flames, but equally distributed and minute : soft. 

 Berry-bearing Alder, Rhdmnus Frdngula. 

 *** Heartwood greyish green, autumn wood in darker 

 zones : sapwood narrow, yellowish-white : soft. 

 Stag's horn Sumach, Rhus typhina. 

 **** Heartwood greenish to golden : sapwood narrow, 

 white : vessels 1 7 together : harder. Venetian 

 Sumach, or Wig-tree, Rhus Cdtinus. 

 ***** Heartwood light brown, touched with red or 

 violet : sapwood narrow yellowish -white : hard, 

 heavy. Lilac, Syringa vulgdris. 



2. Diffuse-porous : vessels numerous, usually minute, but neither 

 larger nor more numerous in the spring wood : rings some- 

 times rendered distinct by closer texture of the elements of 

 the autumn wood. 



a. Vessels large, open, but few. 



(i) Wood soft and light : heart wood light reddish-brown. 



Butternut or White Walnut, Juglans cin^rea. 

 (ii) Wood hard and heavy : heartwood chocolate-brown : 



pith-rays fine : fine peripheral lines of parenchyma 



vessels 1 4 together : with darker wavy zones. 



Common Walnut, Juglans regia. 

 (iii) Similar, but darker. Black Walnut, Juglans nigra. 



The Indian Sal (Shdrea robusta) belongs here. 



b. Vessels minute. 



(i) Broad pith-rays present. 



* Pith-rays numerous, mostly broad, crowded : rings 



bending outwards at the rays : reddish- white or 



