SUBMERGED AND STRENGTH TIMBERS. 93 



such as the Angelim vermelho (probably Andira fraxinifdlia) of 

 Brazil and the Puriri (Vitex littordlis) and Pohutukawa (Metro- 

 sidtros tomentdsa) of New Zealand ; whilst others are used almost 

 exclusively for decks and planking, such as the Turpentine Tree 

 or Stanthorpe Box (Eucalyptus Studrtiana) and White Beech 

 (Gmeltna Leichhardtii) of Eastern Australia, the Canella preta 

 (Neddndra dtra) of Brazil, and the Lauan (Dipterocdrpus tMrifer) 

 of the Philippines. Exceptionally hard and tough woods, such as 

 Lignum Vitae (Gualacum officindle) and the Ironwood of Tasmania 

 (Notdtea ligustrind) are required for blocks; whilst tough but 

 flexible kinds, such as the Ash of Europe or America and the 

 Silver Wattle (Acacia dealbdta), are employed for oars. For the 

 internal fittings of ships almost any species can obviously be 

 used which is employed in ordinary civil architecture or joinery. 



Submerged Structures. Passing next to timbers used for 

 piles or other submerged structures, such as locks and water- 

 wheels, Elm, Larch, Chestnut (Castdnea), Live Oak (Qudrcus 

 vlrens\ Sal (Shdrea robusta), Totara (Podocdrpus Tdtara), and 

 Rassak (Vdtica Rdssak) of Borneo, may be specially mentioned. 

 Greenheart, Jarrah, Pynkado, Chow, Kapor (Dryobdlanops 

 aromdtica), another Bornean timber, Alder, and Beech are also 

 used for these purposes. For the strouds of water-wheels and 

 for paddle -boards Willow is employed. 



Strength timbers. For such engineering purposes as require 

 considerable strength, and resistance to definitely calculable 

 strain, for bridges, piers, or baulks of timber, Teak, Jarul, Sal, 

 Sissoo (Dalbtrgia Stssoo) and Anan (Fagrcm frdgrans) among 

 Indian timbers, the Locust of Trinidad (Hymencea Courbaril), 

 Oak, and the superior kinds of Pine may be mentioned. 



Sleepers. Kail way-sleepers absorb enormous quantities of 

 timber, which requires to be durable when in contact with the 

 earth and with metal. Home grown Douglas Fir seems to rival 

 Larch for this purpose in Britain. Deodar (Cedrus Deoddm\ Sal, 

 Black wood (Dalbfrgia latifdlia), Poon (Calophyllum Inophyllum), 

 Nagesar or Ironwood (M6sua ftrrea), and Chilauni (Schima 

 ii) among Indian timbers ; the Box of New South Wales 



