94 OF WOOD IN GENERAL. 



(Eucalyptus hemiphloia) ; Puriri (Vitex littordlis), Hina,n(El(eocdrpus 

 dentdtus) and Totara (Podocdrpus Tdtard) in New Zealand ; and, 

 when creosoted, the Upright or Real Yellow-wood, G-eel Hout, or 

 Umceya (Podocdrpus latifdlius or P. ThunMrgii) in Cape Colony, 

 are employed for this purpose ; and one of the most important 

 industries of the future in the colony last-mentioned is the culti- 

 vation of the European Cluster Pine (Pinus Pinaster) for the 

 same use. 



Mining timber. Less care is exercised in the selection of 

 pit props for mines. Larch and pine, both home-grown and of 

 Baltic origin, are largely used in English mines and Pinus Pinaster 

 is imported from Bordeaux to the Welsh collieries and Cornish 

 tin-mines. 



Telegraph poles. For telegraph poles much the same 

 characters are requisite as for masts, in addition to durability 

 underground. Besides Larch and European Pine and Douglas 

 Fir, the Black or Cypress Pine of New South Wales (Cdllitris 

 robusta), being proof against termites, is in request for this 

 purpose, and, in the United States, Chestnut (Castdnea vulgdris, 

 var. americ/md) is used. 



Building. Less durability is essential is scaffold -poles and 

 ladders, for which Spruce (Picea excdlsa) is largely used. For 

 joists, rafters, and flooring, no wood is so much used with us as 

 Dantzic Fir (Pinus sylvestris), though the somewhat shaky and 

 cheaper Swedish Fir of the same species is also largely used, 

 whilst that of Norway is imported in the form of ready-made 

 flooring and match-boarding. In the west of England Baltic 

 Pine is largely replaced by American White Pine (Pinus Str6bus). 

 The Pitch-Pine of the United States (Pinus palustris) is now 

 largely employed in match-boarding and other internal work in 

 English buildings, and Larch is much used for flooring, as also 

 are both Baltic and American Black Spruce (Picea exdlsa, and 

 P. nigra}. Since the importation of these coniferous timbers 

 from the Baltic and from America, which dates mainly from the 

 beginning of the eighteenth century, Oak, till then the chief 

 building-timber in North-west Europe, has been but little used, 



