102 OF WOOD IN GENERAL. 



like a romance. In 1806 France required 12,000 Walnut trees 

 per annum; while in England, before the battle of Waterloo, 

 600 was paid for a single tree. For cheaper gunstocks American 

 Walnut is now used, whilst the American species of Ash, Beech 

 (Fdgus ferruginea), and Hornbeam (Carpinus carolinidna, known as 

 " blue Beech "), are employed in the United States for purposes 

 similar to those to which their European equivalents are put. 

 The Hickories (Hicdria), more especially for handles, the Persim- 

 mon (Diospf/ros virginidna) for shuttles, plane stocks, etc., and the 

 Cherry (Primus serottna) are also important to the American 

 turner. In Japan, Kizi (PauUwnla imperidlis) is the main basis 

 for lacquer-ware : the so called Cherry (Exocdrpus cupressiformis) 

 and the fragrant Musk- wood (Oledria argophf/lla) of Australia, and 

 the Violet-wood (Copalfera bradedta) of Brazil may be specially 

 mentioned ; whilst in South Africa the various species of Olea 

 known as Ironwood, the Silk-bark or Zybast (Celdstrus acumindtus), 

 BufFelsbal (Gardenia Thunbergii), Ladle- wood (Hartdgia capdnsis\ 

 and Umzumbit (MilUtia Kdfra) ; and in India the Babul (Acacia 

 ardbica), Ironwood (Mesua fdrrea), Ebonies (Diospyros spp.), cala- 

 mander (D. qucesita), Anjan (Hardwlckia bindta), Tamarind (Tama- 

 rmdus indica), Dhaura (Anogeissus latifdlia), Bullet-wood (Mimusops 

 littordlis), Satin-wood (Chloruxylon Swietenw), and Sandal-wood 

 (Sdntalum album), are noteworthy. 



Walking-Sticks. A great variety of woods are used in the 

 manufacture of walking-sticks. Not to mention Jersey Cabbages 

 and the leaf-stalks of the Date-palm and a great variety of Canes, 

 imported specially from Singapore, these include English grown 

 Oak, Ash, Blackthorn, Holly and Hazel, Whitethorn, Aspen, 

 Birch, Crab-apple, Furze, Maple, Hornbeam, and Eowan. Medlar 

 (Mespilus germdnica) and Chestnut (Castdnea saliva) are imported 

 from France ; Cork Oak (Quercus Suber) from Spain ; Carob 

 (Ceratonia Siliqua) from Algeria; Guelder-rose (Vilurnum Opulus), 

 under the names of " Teazle " or " Balkan-rose," from the Balkans; 

 Olive and Orange from Southern Europe, while "Black Orange" 

 is a trade name for the common Broom (Cytisus scopdrius) ', Box, 

 from Persia; Ebony, from Ceylon; and, from the West Indies, 



