104 OF WOOD IN GENERAL. 



dvium, Mdhaleb. etc.), used for long pipe-stems and grown mainly 

 in Austria. The light white woods of the Horse-chestnuts or 

 Buckeyes (^Esculus) are used for artificial limbs, just as, judging 

 by the writings of the comic dramatists, Linden-wood was 

 employed in making corsets for male dandies in ancient Greece. 

 Millions of cubic feet of Bermuda Cedar and of the Red or Pencil 

 Cedar of Virginia (Juntperus bermudidna and /. iwginidna) are 

 cut annually for the manufacture of pencils alone. The quantities 

 of Alder (Alnus glutindsa) Beech, Willow (Sdlix dlba more 

 especially), Spruce or White Deal (Picea excelsa), Birch (Betula 

 dlba) and even Horse-chestnut (JSsculus hippocdstanum) in Europe, 

 and of Tupelo (Nyssa sylvdtica) and Canoe Birch (Betula papy- 

 ri/era) in North America, consumed for sabots must be immense, 

 to say nothing of the quantities of these and other woods used 

 for shoe-lasts, shoe-pegs, boot-trees, hat-blocks etc. Soft white 

 woods, such as Willow, Alder, Linden, Poplar or " Cottonwood " 

 that of the Tulip-tree (LirwMndrori) and the Cucumber-tree 

 (Magnolia acumindta), confounded together as "Canary White- 

 wood," and the Spruces (Picea) and Soft Pines (Pinus Strdbus, 

 etc.), are those chiefly in demand by the toy-manufacturer. 



Cooperage. The requirements of the cooper are more varied 

 than might be supposed, different woods being needed for staves, 

 for hoops, or for head-pieces, and for dry, liquid, or volatile goods. 

 Oak is largely used for staves, especially French Oak (Qucrcus 

 Eobur), and American White Oak (Q. dlba), but in Australia the 

 Black Wattle (Acacia mollissima) takes its place. Willow and 

 Hickory are used for hoops and Ash for a great variety of pur- 

 poses, but for dry goods the cooper employs cheap soft white 

 woods such as those used for the manufacture of packing-cases. 



Packing-cases. Packing-cases made of inferior Silver Fir 

 (Abies pectindta) are sent all over the world from Switzerland and 

 the Tyrol : its cheapness causes Norway Spruce (Picea excelsa) to 

 be almost as universally employed ; and on the continent of 

 Europe the Black Austrian, Bordeaux Cluster, and Italian Stone 

 Pines (Pinus austriaca, Pinaster, and Pinea) are also largely used 

 for this purpose. Their not splitting when nailed renders the 



