MISCELLANEOUS USES OF WOOD. 105 



Poplars admirable for this purpose, and the White, Aspen, and 

 Lombardy Poplars (Populus cantecens, trtmida, and fastigidta) are 

 accordingly largely used in France, as are P6pulus monilifera and 

 other " Cotton woods," as they are there called, in the United 

 States. Ptcea Smithidna, the Himalayan Spruce, is in common 

 use in India ; but for tea-chests, though Chir (Pinus longifolia), 

 Chatwan (Alstdnia sdwldris), Chaplash (Artocdrpus Chapldsha), 

 Toon (Cedrela To6na\ Shembal (Bombax, malabdricum), and Maples, 

 such as Acer Campbellii in the north-east, and A. pictum in the 

 north-west are employed, there is an inadequate supply of suit- 

 able native wood, which is being met by the importation of Birch 

 from Russia. 



Crates, paper pulp, etc. Ash, Alder, and Birch are 

 largely used in the making of crates; and few persons pro- 

 bably, outside the trade, notice the variety of woods, in addition 

 to Willow, which go to the making of our baskets. Enor- 

 mous quantities of the Pine timber of Sweden (Pinus 

 sylvfatris) are consumed in the form of lucifer matches ; 

 and, while wood-shavings and wood-wool, as it is called, much 

 used in packing, are little more than bye-products in the conver- 

 sion of timber for other purposes, the manufacture of wood-pulp 

 for paper, an .industry belonging almost entirely to the last twenty 

 years, has grown to such dimensions as to seriously affect the 

 question of our timber supplies. The Poplars, Alders, Buckeyes, 

 and Spruces are the most suitable woods for this manufacture ; 

 but the coarser kinds of printing paper, packing paper, and paste- 

 board are made from Pine, even the branches and chips, formerly 

 wasted, being utilized. The refuse of Juniperus viryinidna from the 

 pencil factories yields a paper useful for underlaying carpets or 

 wrapping articles liable to be injured by moth. Two methods 

 are followed, the mechanical, yielding a granular product called 

 paper-pulp, and the chemical, yielding a more fibrous felt known 

 as cellulose. Coniferous cellulose, prepared in Germany and the 

 United States, is used for an infinity of purposes such as tubes, 

 vases, wax-cloth, etc. As an illustration of the growth of the 

 wood-pulp industry it may be stated that in 1891 the product of 



