112 OF WOOD IN GENERAL. 



handles and boot-lasts, 100,000 cords of Soft Maple for shoe-pegs, 

 and over 3000 cords of Pine for lucifer matches in the United 

 States alone. 



Russia. In the well-managed forests of Germany the average 

 yearly growth, and, therefore, the amount legitimately felled 

 annually, is estimated at 2 '3 cubic feet for every 100 cubic feet of 

 standing timber, or 50 cubic feet per acre. But in spite of the 

 enormous annual yield which this computation gives to the forests 

 of Russia (viz. 23,475 million cubic feet), when we find nearly 

 half that amount (10,000 million) now used within the country for 

 fuel alone, and 30 million for house -building, it will be realized 

 how little reliance can be placed in Russia as a permanent source 

 of supply for Europe. Before reckoning for her increasing 

 population we may recall the saying that Russia is burnt down 

 every seven years. Of the total timber output from Russian 

 government forests in 1880 of 2,900,000 cubic fathoms, Spruce 

 (Picea excdlsa) constituted 37'5 per cent., Pine (mainly Pinus 

 sylvestris), 27'8, soft woods (Birch, Linden, Aspen, etc.), 19-5, and 

 hard woods (Oak, Beech, etc.), 8*8 per cent. Besides paper-pulp 

 from the Aspen, and a certain amount of Walnut, Russia exports 

 Box from Odessa, and a large amount of Deal from the White 

 Sea and Baltic ports. The supplies of timber at Archangel and 

 the other White Sea ports is yearly drawn from a greater dis- 

 tance inland. 



Scandinavia. Sweden sends more than half of her exported 

 timber to Great Britain. It consists largely of Pine, both as pit- 

 props and in a manufactured form, as window and door-frames ; 

 Spruce or " White Deal," used for scaffolds, ladders, etc. ; matches, 

 of Pine and Aspen ; and paper-pulp of Aspen, Spruce, arid Pine. 

 The exports of Norway are similar, a certain amount of Birch and 

 Maple (Acer platanoides) also coming from this country to England. 

 Both Norway and Sweden are apparently reducing their forest 

 areas by cutting more than the annual increment. 



France. Though a well-wooded country, with carefully 

 managed forests in almost every department, exporting Oak and 

 sending Bordeaux Pine (Pinus Pinaster} as mine-props to our 



