ASH. 151 



squared logs, 18 35 ft. long, and 10 18 in. square, in planks and 

 partly manufactured, as oars, etc. 



Wood generally much whiter, and with narrower rings than 

 Common Ash (F. excelsior) ; the sapwood, when well seasoned, 

 nearly white ; the heart, light reddish, contrasting with the sap- 

 wood more than in Common Ash, but less than in other American 

 kinds, in the best quality, lightest and most uniform ; in second 

 quality, slightly stained alternately red and yellow ; and in the 

 third quality, mottled red. It is of much slower growth than 

 Common Ash, the rings being only about half the width of those 

 in that species, very distinct, with a narrower zone of spring- 

 wood and fewer larger vessels. Though it may be termed rather 

 heavy, it is less so than the European species, moderately hard, 

 but very tough and elastic, except in the oldest timber, clean and 

 straight in grain, very easy to work, and standing well after 

 seasoning. 



In America it is used for all purposes to which Common Ash is 

 applied in England. The small wood of young trees or stools, 

 which is mostly sapwood and white, is the best material for oars. 

 Larger logs, when white, are much sought after for bedroom and 

 other furniture, and for coach-panels ; but the more coloured logs 

 are universally considered by the trade inferior in strength and 

 durability, though, being more easily worked, they are used by 

 cabinet-makers for drawers and carcass work, for which European 

 Ash is never employed. 



It occurs generally throughout Canada and the Eastern United 

 States, chiefly on river-banks. 



Ash, Black, Hoop, or Ground (Frdxinus nigra Marshall = F. 

 sambucifdlia Lam. : Order Oledcece). Germ, "schwarze Esche," 

 French "frene noire," Span. " fresno negro." S.G. 632, W 

 39-3730, Co-efficient of elasticity 87,185, R 806 kilos, 

 Resistance to longitudinal pressure 423, Resistance to indenta- 

 tion 194. 



Height 80 ft. or more, diam. 2 2J ft. 



Slow-grown, trees 22 in. in diameter having 234 annual rings. 

 Sapwood thin, light brown, or nearly white, sharply contrasting 



